PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF COCCULUS PENDULUS Diels.
STEM AND ROOT
M. Nafees1*, S. Ullah1, Barkatullah2, A. Javaid1
and Shumaila1
1Department
of Botany, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; 2Department of Botany,
Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author’s
E-mail: nafeesbotanist1990@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Cocculus
pendulus Diels.
belongs to family Menispermaceae locally known as “Parwatti” is a part of medicines
against jaundice, yellow fever, leprosy, syphilis and as an aphrodisiac. To authenticate
the C. pendulus from adulterations, in the present study the stem
and root has been evaluated for different pharmacognostic studies. Morphologically
the plant is
dioecious, woody climber (Liana)
and about 4-8m tall.
The macroscopic study showed that stem is cylindrical in shape, characteristic odor,
acceptable taste and brittle fracture while the root is irregular in shape with
characteristic odor and bitter taste. Histologically both plant parts showed typical
dicot anatomy. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of proteins, carbohydrates,
alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides and phenolic compounds
in both plant parts. Quantitatively highest amount of sterols 85.32±2.42mg/g followed
by alkaloids 30.45±0.32mg/g in root while stem with 71.43±1.24mg/g amount of sterols
and 21.47±0.54mg/g alkaloids has been recorded. Fluorescence analysis showed diverse
colors by treating with different reagents at ordinary and UV light. Powdered drug
study and percent extractive values determination were also carried out. Pharmacognostic
studies will be helpful in the standardization and authentication of the species from adulteration
as the above studies has been carried out for the first time for the said plant.
Key
words:
Cocculus pendulus, fluorescence analysis, pharmacognosy, phytochemical
screening.
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.5.0141
Published online June 25, 2020
INTRODUCTION
Plants
have always been the principal source of medicine in the world. Several drugs has been derived
from plant sources that are being used today (Rao et al. 2010). It is thought that
in developing countries 80% of the people are dependent on traditional medicines
for their primary healthcare (Kim et al. 2001). About 80% compounds has been
derived from 94 species of plants, which are being used for ethnomedical purposes
(Kokate et al. 2008). So, the present study has been carried out to explore
Cocculus pendulus which may be helpful for the treatments of many ailments.
Cocculus
pendulus
Diels. Synonym: Cocculus leaeba DC.
belongs to family Menispermaceae locally known as “Parwatti (Fig.1). It is a dioecious,
shrubby plant with 15cm diameter of the stem at the base. Leaves are broad, oblong
lanceolate, with obtuse apex, generally glabrous or puberulous. Fruit composed of 1–3
flattened drupes. Seed horse-shoe shaped, laterally flattened (Rabari et al.
2010).
People in Pakistan and Afghanistan use the plant parts, especially the roots to
cure fevers, including intermittent fever. In Nigeria the root and leaves are used
for this purpose while in Senegal the Toucouleur and Paul people use both root and
stem bark for the same purpose. In Senegal the Toucouleur and Paul people use root
and stem bark decoctions against intestinal parasites and gonorrhea (Rabari et al. 2011). The root has
a great reputation in Senegal against biliousness and menstrual problems and as
a diuretic. It is also a part of medicines against jaundice, yellow fever, leprosy,
syphilis and as an aphrodisiac in the area (Rabari et al. 2010). The literature
studies also showed that C. pendulus stem and root has not been analyzed
for pharmacognostic work. So, in the present studies stem and root has been
investigated for pharmacognostic profile.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Specimen
collection and preservation: The fresh stem and root of the experimental
plant were collected in January 2015 from the Tribal area, Sama Bada Bera, Labi
Khel, F.R Peshawar located at 33.8078° North latitude and 71.7356° East longitude and
elevation of the area above the sea level is 1,000m. This area comes under subtropical
zone. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August. Specimens
were identified by Dr. Barkatullah, Lecturer, Department of Botany, University of
Peshawar mounted on Herbarium sheet and provided with a Voucher number Bot-UOP-2015,
and deposited in the herbarium. Both stem and root were completely dried under the
sun and grinded by electric grinder. After grinding the powdered drugs were kept
in impermeable bottles and were used for different pharmacognostic studies.
Pharmacognostic evaluation
Morphology and Macroscopy:
Morphological
and macroscopic features of the stem and root were conducted by organoleptic method
following the methodology of Evans (2002); Wallis (2009). Both plant parts were
studied for color, shape, inner surface, outer surface, fracture, taste and odor.
Microscopic evaluation:
The
microscopic and histological features of the leaf were carried out by hand
sectioning using the standard procedure of Chaffey (2001); Evans (2002); Wallis
(2009). Sharp razor were used for making thin fine transverse sections of the stem
and root. Fine sections were selected, stained properly and observed under Digital
Labomed microscope (Model
iVu 3100 and no. Lx 400).
Preparation of extract:
250g dried powder of stem
and root separately were treated with
1 liter ethanol and shake
at regular intervals for 48 hours. After 48 hours the extract was filtered, the
filtrate were collected and
processed in rotary to make the final volume 1/5 of the original volume and stored
in impermeable glass bottles at 4oC for further evaluation Evans (2002).
Qualitative Phytochemical
evaluation: For
the determination of different phytoconstituents like alkaloids, fats, phytosterols,
fixed oils, glycosides, proteins, flavonoids, saponins and tannins, various phytochemical
tests of the ethanolic extract were carried out.
Carbohydrate detection
test
- Molisch’s test: Few drops of Molish reagent were added to 1 ml extract solution. Through the side of the test tube concentrated sulphuric acid were added. Purple to violet color ring appearance at the junction will be the detection of carbohydrates Evans (2002).
- Benedict test: The addition of Benedict reagent to 1 ml extract solution followed by placing on water bath and the appearance of reddish brown precipitate appearance will be the indication of reducing sugar otherwise absent Evans (2002).
- Proteins and amino acids detection test
- Biuret test: The addition of equal volumes of NaOH (5%) and CuSo4 (1%) to 1 ml extract solution and the appearance of violet color will be the indication for the presence of free amino acids and proteins otherwise absent Kumar and Kiladi (2009).
- Ninhydrin test: Boiling of crude extract at 100°C with 1 ml Ninhydrin solution and appearance of violet color will be the indication for the presence of amino acids and proteins otherwise absent Kumar and Kiladi (2009).
- Xanthoproteic test: The addition of few drops of concentrated of HNO3 to 2ml extract solution made in distilled water and the appearance of cloud upon heating changing to yellow which turns to an orange color by adding ammonia will indicate of the presence of amino acids otherwise absent Kokate et al. (2008).
- Alkaloid detection tests
- Dragondorffʼs test: Add 2-3ml Dragondorffʼs reagent to 1 ml extract solution. If orange brown precipitate appears it will indicate the presence of alkaloids Khandelwal (2004).
- Wagner’s test: The addition of Wagner’s reagent to 1 ml extract solution and the formation of reddish brown precipitate will be the indication of the presence of alkaloids otherwise absent Khandelwal (2004).
- Hager’s test: The addition of Hager’s reagent to 1 ml extract solution followed by the formation of yellow precipitate will be the indication of the presence of alkaloids otherwise absent Khandelwal (2004).
- Triterpenoids and Phytosterols detection
- Salkowski’s test: The addition of 0.5 ml concentrated H2SO4 to 1 ml extract solution made in chloroform through the side of test tube and the appearance of red color at lower layer will indicate the presence of sterol, while yellow color appearance will be the indication of triterpenoids presence Harnborne (1998).
- Phenol detection test
- Ferric chloride test: The addition of 1 ml FeCl3 solution to 1 ml extract solution and the appearance of bluish green color appearance will be the indication for the presence of total phenols otherwise absent Dahiru et al. (2006).
- Test for Flavonoids
- Alkali reagent test: The addition of NaOH to 1 ml extract solution and the appearance of yellow to red color precipitation will indicate for the presence of flavonoids otherwise absent Kokate et al. (2008).
- Test for the Tannins
- Ferric chloride test: The addition of 1 ml 5% FeCl3 to 1 ml extract solution followed by appearance of greenish black color will indicate the presence of tannins otherwise absent Wallis (2009).
- Alkali reagent test: The addition of Sodium hydroxide to 1 ml extract solution and the formation of yellow red precipitate will indicate the presence of tannins otherwise absent Wallis (2009).
- Saponins detection test
- Frothing test: The formation of persistent froth by vigorous shaking of extract in distilled water will be the indication of saponins prescence Evans (2002).
- Steroidal glycosides detection test
- Killaer Kilani test: The addition of glacial acetic acid to 1 ml extract solution and addition of one drop of concentrated H2SO4 through the side of test tube and formation of reddish brown color precipitate at the junction will be the indication of glycosides presence Harnborne (1998).
- Fixed oils presence test
- Spot test: The rubbing of extract between two filter papers and the existence of permanent spot will be the indication of fixed oil presence Kumar and Kiladi (2009).
- Volatile oil: The rubbing of a small amount extract between two filter papers and the absence of permanent stain will be the indication of volatile oil presence Kumar and Kiladi (2009).
Quantitative phytochemical screening
Alkaloids
determination: The
methodology of Wallis (2009) was adopted for the quantitative screening of total
alkaloids. 100 ml acetic acid (10%) was taken in which 2g crude ethanolic extract
of stem and root were dissolved. The solution was allowed
to stand for 4 hours and then filtered. After filtration, the extracts were placed
on a water bath for further concentration to reduce the volume to one-fourth. Precipitate
formation occurred by the addition of Concentrated NH4OH drop wise. Dilute NH4OH
was used for washing the collected precipitate. The obtained product was collected
and weighted using the following formula.
Amount of alkaloid (mg/g) =
W1= Weight of filter paper W2
= Weight of filter paper ppt
Saponins
determination: The
methodology of Obadoni and Ochuko (2001) was adopted to carry
out the detection of total saponins contents quantitatively. 20ml distilled water
were taken in which 2g crude ethanolic extract of stem and root were dissolved and
transferred into a separating funnel. 20 ml diethyl ether were added and shake well.
The ether layer was discarded and the aqueous layer was separated. 60 ml n-Butanol was added for the
purification of the product followed by washing the extract twice by 10 ml 5% aqueous
NaCl. The product obtained were boiled on water bath and dried. The saponins content
were calculated using the following formula.
Amount of saponins (mg/g) =
W2=Weight of filter paper residue
W1 =Weight of filter paper
Sterol
determination: The
methodology of Huang
et al. (2010) was adopted to carry out the detection of total sterols contents
quantitatively. 75 ml distilled water were taken to which 2g crude ethanolic extract
of stem and root were added. 25 ml potassium hydroxide (10%) was added to the solution.
This mixture was then poured into a separating funnel followed by the addition of
75 ml petroleum ether thrice for extraction. The ether fraction was separated from
the funnel and transferred into a flask which was pre weighted (W1).
The extract were boiled on hot water bath followed by drying and cooling. The flask
was again weighted (W2) and total sterol contents were obtained using
the following formula.
Amount
of sterol (mg/g) =
W2=
Weight of flask residue W1
= Weight of flask
Tannins
determination: The
methodology of Van-Buren
and Robinson (1969)
was carried out for the quantitative determination of tannins. 75 ml distilled water
were taken in which 2g crude ethanolic extract were dissolved. The suspension was
then filtered. Lead acetate saturated solution were added to the filtrate in order
to get lead-tinnate precipitate. 20 ml distilled water was added followed by treating
with dilute H2SO4, which acidified the solution. Then the mixture was filtered through
the pre-weighted Whatman filter paper (W1)
to get the tannins. The filter paper was then dried. By weighting the filter paper
the amount of tannins were calculated.
Amount of tannins (mg/g) =
W2=Weight of filter paper+ residue W1
=Weight of filter paper
Powdered drug study:
Both
the plant parts were sun dried at for 10 days and grinded with the help of electric
grinder. A little amount of fine powder drug were treated with chloral hydrate solution,
iodine solution and glycerin and observed under Labomed microscope for different
histological structures following Wallis (2009).
Fluorescence analysis: The fluorescence screening of the powdered drugs of the
both plant parts were carried out by treating
a little amount of powder with different reagents
like methanol, NaOH in water, diethyl ether, iodine solution, HNO3, H2SO4,
FeCl3 solution and NH3 solution. All these treated powdered
were examined under UV light and ordinary day light (UV 254 and UV 336)
Nikam et al. (2009); Wallis (2009).
Extractive values analysis:
The
methodology of Ansari et al. (2006) has been followed for the determination
of extractive values of stem and root powdered drug. 15 gram powdered drug was soaked
in 250 ml each solvent
(ethanol, n-Hexane, methanol, chloroform, acetone and phenyl ether) separately and
kept for
8 days in air tight bottles with regular shaking every day. Each fraction was filtered
after 8 days and the filtrate was dried. Following formula was used for the extractive
values determination:
Percent
(%) extractive value (w/w) =
RESULTS
Morphological
and macroscopic features: Cocculus pendulus is a woody climber
(Liana) about 4-8m tall. In
the present study the stem and root of C. pendulus were evaluated for its
morphological features. The macroscopic study revealed that the stem is cylindrical
in shape, outer surface light brown, inner surface light yellow, odor characteristic,
acceptable taste and has brittle fracture while the root is irregular in shape,
outer surface light brown, inner surface light yellow, odor characteristic with
slightly bitter taste and brittle fracture (Table. 1). Upadhyay et al. (2010); Akbar
et al. (2014) worked out on Euphorbia hirta and Malva parviflora respectively and
said that organoleptic evaluation is the primary technique for the correct identification
of a plant by sense organs and provide a base for the crude drug authentication
from adulteration.
Microscopic evaluation:
Histological
evaluation is the most important method use for the authentication of a crude drug.
Transverse section of C. pendulus stem showed that Epidermis comprised of
2-3 layers of cells protected by thick cuticle layer followed by irregular 2-3 layers
of hypodermal cells. 4-6 layers of cortical cells followed by endodermis, which
are arranged in biconvex manner. Below the endodermis a dome shaped pericyclic region
is present. Xylem vessels are smaller in size while phloem tissues are circular
shaped and larger in size. Pith is in the form of compact round shaped cells (Fig. 2).
Transverse
section of C. pendulus root showed the external cork layer comprised of
4-5 layered irregular wavy shaped cells followed by stellar region made up of cortical
cells arranged in 3-4 layers. Medullary rays, thread like structures extended
towards the xylem tissues. Xylem tissues are irregularly arranged. Phloem tissues
are adjacent with the cortex (Fig. 3).
Modi
et al. (2010); Khyade
and Vaikos (2014)
analyzed the histological studies of Syzygium cumini and Wrightia tinctoria
respectively
and stated that anatomical
study is very much important for identification and diagnostic feature of the drugs.
Anatomy can provide additional evidences which correspond to the anatomy for the
recognition of the taxon. According to Pachkore et al. (2012) anatomical
perspective of medicinal plants is an integral component of pharmacognosy.
Phytochemical
screening
Qualitative Phytochemical
screening: Qualitative
phytochemical analysis of the stem and root extracts of C. pendulus showed
that both the plant parts consists of many important metabolites such as fats, proteins,
carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides and
phenolic compounds given in (Table. 2). These phytochemical constituents have a
great curative properties against different diseases.
Quantitative phytochemical
screening: Quantitative
phytochemical screening of the stem and root were conducted for some important phytoconstituents
such as saponins, sterol, alkaloids,
flavonoids and tannins. The results has been listed in (Table. 3).
Prabhu et al. (2011); Uthayakumari
and Sumathy
(2011); Desai
et al. (2012)
worked
out on three Viburnum species, Jatropha maheswarii and Tinospora
cordifolia
respectively and revealed that
active constituents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides are very
important secondary metabolites which are helpful in the treatment of different
disorders. Alkaloids can be use as cardiac stimulant, analgesic and as respiratory
stimulant. They also possess the vasoconstriction, muscle relaxant, antispasmodic,
antineoplastic, anticancer, allelopathic and insecticidal potential (Goncalves et
al. 2019). The literature revealed that flavonoids possess the vasoprotective,
anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiallergic potential, gastric mucosa protection
and tumor promotion inhibition. Flavonoids also have the ability to alter immunological
response, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial potential (Rice et al.
1996).
Tannins have antidiarrheal potential and can also be use as antidotes against heavy
metals and alkaloids having poisonous effect. They also possess wound healing, antibiotic,
soothing effect and various inflammatory effects. Immuno-regulation and most of
the cardiac diseases can be cured by saponins and glycosides respectively (Ashok
and Upadhyaya 2012). Terpenoids and saponins have the astringent properties while
steroids have the potential to regulate the function of sex hormones and possessing
strong pain killing potential (Al-Snafi, 2015). Phenolic compounds are valued to
due to possessing anti- inflammatory potential such as quercetin and antihapatotoxic
potential such as silybin. Other phenolic compounds such as genistein and daidzen
possessing phytoestrogenic potential and naringenin have significant insecticidal
effect. They also possess antioxidant and free radical scavenger potential which
can fight against cancer (Lin et al. 2016). Several researchers did the same
work such as Shah and Seth (2010) analyzed Lagenaria siceraria and Kumar et al. (2012) carried out the phytochemical screening
of Holoptelea
integrifolia for
phytochemicals are well in lineage with our findings and described the
importance of phytochemical screening of crude drugs, which are helpful for the
researchers in the field of pharmacology, phytotherapy and phytochemistry to conduct
advance research on herbal plants. The present work on C. pendulus are helpful
in exploration of the plant for further advanced research in above mentioned fields.
Powder drug study:
Powder
drug microscopy is an important method for the correct recognition of different
cellular structures present in the powdered drug. This technique is helpful for
the purity of a drug from adulterants. Powder drug analysis of stem of C. pendulus
showed different fragments such as fibers, vessels, cortical cells, epidermal
cells and pitted vessels while root showed different fragments such as cortical
cells, fibers, parenchyma cells, endodermal cells, and xylem vessels (Fig. 4; Fig.
5).
Fluorescence analysis:
Fluorescence
analysis of stem and root powders were conducted. The powder were treated with different
solvents and observed in ordinary day light and UV light (UV 254, UV 336). The results
has been listed in (Table.
4). Similar studies were
also conducted by other researchers like Pandya et al. (2012); Paul et
al. (2012) worked
out fluorescence analysis of Cassia fistula and Mimosa
pudica respectively revealed that fluorescence analysis is one of the important
method for the standardization and authentication of a crude drug as this parameter
is helpful in detection of important secondary metabolites which show difference
in fluorescence under ordinary and UV light.
Extractive values determination:
Extractive
values both plant parts powder drug were determined treated with various solvents.
Significant extractive values were found in methanol which were 9.32% followed by ethanol
8.15% (Table.
5). The
results showed that more polar solvent (methanol and ethanol) are significant for
the extraction of C. pendulus stem and root. Similar studies were
also performed by Rani
and Lakshmi (2012); Bharti and Vasudeva (2013) on Dioscorea oppositifolia and
Oreganum vulgare respectively and stated that extractive value determination
is helpful in the identification of a crude drug being adulterated. Various type
of adulterated or exhausted drugs can detect by solvent extraction. Extraction with
petroleum ether is useful for the indication of lipid contents in crude drugs. Aqueous
and alcohol extraction are helpful in the indication of defective processing and
adulterants in the crude drug (Kokate et al. 2008).
Fig.
1. Cocculus pendulus plant morphology
Fig.
2. Transverse section of C. pendulus stem.
Fig.
3. Transverse section of C. pendulus root.
Fig. 5. Powdered drug study of C. pendulus
root.
Table 1. Macroscopic
features of C. pendulus stem and root.
S.No.
|
Characteristic
|
Stem
|
Root
|
1
|
Shape
|
Cylindrical
|
Irregular
|
2
|
Outer surface
|
Light brown
|
Light brown
|
3
|
Inner surface
|
Light yellow
|
Light yellow
|
4
|
Odor
|
Characteristic
|
Characteristic
|
5
|
Taste
|
Acceptable
|
Slightly bitter
|
6
|
Fracture
|
Brittle
|
Brittle
|
Table 2. Phytochemical
screening of the stem and root extracts of C. pendulus.
S.No.
|
Constituents
|
Test name
|
Stem
|
Root
|
1
|
Carbohydrates
|
Molisch test
|
++
|
++
|
Benedict’s test
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
Protein
|
Ninhydrine test
|
++
|
++
|
Xanthoproteic test
|
++
|
++
|
Biuret test
|
+
|
+
|
3
|
Alkaloids
|
Wagner’s test
|
+
|
++
|
Hager’s test
|
+
|
+
|
Dragandorrf test
|
++
|
++
|
4
|
Phytosterol and Triterpenoids
|
Salkowskii’s test
|
+
|
++
|
5
|
Phenol
|
Ferric chloride test
|
+
|
+
|
6
|
Flavonoids
|
Alkali reagent test
|
++
|
++
|
7
|
Tannins
|
Ferric chloride test
|
+
|
+
|
Alkali reagent test
|
+
|
+
|
8
|
Saponinss
|
Frothing test
|
+
|
++
|
9
|
Glycosides
|
Killaer kilani test
|
++
|
++
|
10
|
Fixed oil and fats
|
Spot test
|
+
|
+
|
11
|
Volatile oil
|
Spot test
|
-
|
-
|
Key: ++ = Strongly detected, + = Detected,
- = Not detected
Table 3. Quantitative
phytochemical analysis of C. pendulus stem and root. All values are expressed
in mg/g.
S.No.
|
Part
|
Alkaloids
|
Tannins
|
Sterol
|
Saponins
|
1
|
Stem
|
21.47±0.54
|
18.23±0.46
|
71.43±1.24
|
19.84±1.45
|
2
|
Root
|
30.45±0.32
|
21.43±0.96
|
85.32±2.42
|
28.42±0.86
|
Tab. 4. Fluorescence analysis
of stem and root powders of C. pendulus.
S.No.
|
Reagents
|
Visible light
|
UV 254
|
UV 336
|
1
|
CS powder as such
|
Light yellow
|
Yellow
|
Yellow
|
2
|
CS powder+ 50%H2SO4
|
Light yellow
|
Brown
|
Green
|
3
|
CS powder+ 50%HNO3
|
Brown
|
Yellow
|
Light green
|
4
|
CS powder+ Diethyl ether
|
Yellow brown
|
Brown
|
Green
|
5
|
CS powder+ NaOH in H2O
|
Light yellow
|
Dark green
|
Bluish green
|
6
|
CS powder+ Methanol
|
Yellow brown
|
Light yellow
|
Yellow
|
7
|
CS powder+ Picric acid
|
Yellowish brown
|
Brown
|
Green
|
8
|
CS powder+ Iodine solution
|
Light yellow
|
Yellow
|
Yellow
|
9
|
CS powder+ NH3 solution
|
Light yellow
|
Light brown
|
Light yellow
|
10
|
CS powder+ 10%FeCl3
|
Yellow
|
Light yellow
|
Brown yellow
|
11
|
CR powder as such
|
Brown
|
Yellow
|
Greenish yellow
|
12
|
CR powder+ 50%H2SO4
|
Reddish brown
|
Brown
|
Dark brown
|
13
|
CR powder+ 50%HNO3
|
Greenish brown
|
Light brown
|
Purplish brown
|
14
|
CR powder+ Diethyl ether
|
Light brown
|
Yellow
|
Purple
|
15
|
CR powder+ NaOH in H2O
|
Brown
|
Green
|
Pinkish green
|
16
|
CR powder+ Methanol
|
Brown
|
Light brown
|
Yellow
|
17
|
CR powder+ Picric acid
|
Yellow
|
Brown
|
Yellow brown
|
18
|
CR powder+ Iodine solution
|
Yellowish brown
|
Brown
|
Green
|
19
|
CR powder+ NH3 solution
|
Dark brown
|
Brown
|
Yellow brown
|
20
|
CR powder+ 10%FeCl3
|
Brown
|
Light brown
|
Green
|
CS: C. pendulus stem CR:
C. pendulus root
Table.
5. Extractive values of C. pendulus stem and root.
Part
|
Solvent
|
Percent extracts
|
Stem
|
Chloroform
|
1.22%
|
Methanol
|
8.32%
|
Ethanol
|
7.46%
|
Petroleum ether
|
0.87%
|
n-Hexane
|
0.66%
|
Acetone
|
0.55%
|
Root
|
Chloroform
|
0.68%
|
Methanol
|
9.32%
|
Ethanol
|
8.15%
|
Petroleum ether
|
0.66%
|
n-Hexane
|
0.53%
|
Acetone
|
0.67%
|
Conclusion
and recommendations: Cocculus pendulus belongs to the family Menispermaceae locally known as Parwatti, is a dioecious shrubby
plant.
Morphological and histological features of both plant parts might be useful taxonomic
information that can help the species and genera outlining. These characteristics
will be more appreciated if other species of the said plant are also evaluated for
the same studies. Standardization of the crude drug of both plant parts may be carried
out by macroscopic examination. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence
of various important phytoconstituents both qualitatively and quantitatively. Due
to the presence of such important active constituents, further advance study is
recommended to isolate the important secondary metabolites.
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