Ahmed A. Mashaal1’* Gamal A. M. Ibrahim2 and Fatma Mabrouk3
1Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics, Qassim University, P.O. Box 52571, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Economic and Social Studies, Desert Research Center, Egypt.
3Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.