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ISSN (Print):
1018-7081
ISSN (Electronic):
2309-8694 |
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Volume 34, No. (6), 2024, December
(Journal Impact Factor, 0.60; JCR 2024) |
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Figure 1:- Modes of regeneration. In vertebrates, regenerations occur through the blastemal formation and only one part is regenerated while the other part is discarded. In another mode of regeneration, invertebrates like a hydra, and planaria regenerate without blastema formation and both parts regenerates.
Figure 2:-Role of MMPs in pathophysiological conditions. During physiological conditions, MMPs maintain the homeostatic conditions of cells and help in regeneration, repair, and bone remodeling mechanisms. While in pathological conditions MMPs are found to be involved in tumor progression, cardiovascular calcification, and Arthritis (Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis).
Table 1 :-Different types of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) involved in the regeneration processes of aquatic organisms.
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Enzyme
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Structure
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Function
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Reference
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MMP1
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Breakdown interstitial collagens (Type I, II & III)
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(Deshmukh, 2020)
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MMP2
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Degrades type IV collagen + endometrial menstrual breakdown + regulation of vascularization + the inflammatory response
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(Solga et al., 2019)
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MMP3
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degrades collagen types II, III, IV, IX, andX, proteoglycans, fibronectin, laminin, and elastin + Activates MMP-1, MMP-7, and MMP-9
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(Ravindra et al., 2018)
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MMP7
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Degrade gelatins, fibronectin, proteoglycan and casein types I, II, IV, and V.
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(Cerofolini, Fragai, and Luchinat, 2019)
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MMP8
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Degrades type I, II and III collagens
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(Decock et al., 2015)
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MMP9
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Regulates pathological remodelling processes that involve inflammation and fibrosis
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(Vandooren, Van den Steen, and Opdenakker, 2013)
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MMP12
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Regulates inflammatory responses
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(Collison, 2018)
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MMP13
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Wound healing, tissue remodelling, cartilage degradation, bone development, bone mineralization and ossification
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(Smith et al., 2020)
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MMP14
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Regulates ageing process
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(Gutiérrez‐Fernández et al., 2015)
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MMP18
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Degradation of fibrin and type IV collagen
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(Boguszewska-Czubara, Budzynska, Skalicka-Wozniak, and Kurzepa, 2019)
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MMP19
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Cell proliferation migration, angiogenesis and adhesion
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(Mehana, Khafaga, and El-Blehi, 2019)
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MMP20
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Tooth development
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(Kim et al., 2020)
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MMP21
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Embryogenesis
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(Napoli et al., 2020)
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MMP23
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To induce cell death, degrade the extracellular matrix, activate chemokines and other cytokines, and cleave the cell surface receptors.
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(Laronha and Caldeira, 2020)
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MMP28
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Tissue homeostasis and wound repair
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(Napoli et al., 2020)
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Figure 3:- MMPs aid tissue repair and immunity. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) mediate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling by degrading ECM components, facilitating tissue restructuring, cell migration, and immune response regulation.
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