MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ORCHARDGRASS (Dactylis glomerata L.) NATURALLY SPREAD IN EASTERN ANATOLIA, TÜRKIYE
Ö. Arvas1 and A. Nabhan2
1Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Department of Field Crops, Van, Turkey
2Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences Van, Turkey
1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8713-2388 2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8125-8913
*Corresponding author e-mail: osmetarvas@yyu.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a cold-resistant, perennial and one of the main forage species of meadows and pastures. A total of 9 morphological traits were considered for the morphological characterization of the orchardgrass, which is naturally distribusted in the flora of 43 different locations in 8 provinces of the Eastern Anatolia of Türkiye. According to the analysis of variance; significant differences were determined between genotypes in terms of the morphological traits examined. These differences resulted in a high degree of phenotypic variation. In addition, correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant (P<0.01) and positive relation between most of the traits examined. The highest correlation coefficient was between plant height and peduncle length (0.864**), flag leaf length and flag leaf width (0.765**), flag leaf length and panicle length (0.734**) The first five Principal components (PCA) explained 70.31 % of the total variation in orchardgrass genotypes. The highest plant height and maximum number of tillers, which are important for grass yield and reproduction, were determined in M75 (77.57 cm) and R163 (27.85 per/plant) respectively. The high morphological variation among orchardgrass genotypes indicates the existence of a rich genetic population and can be considered as breeding material.
Keywords: Türkiye, Eastern Anatolia, morphological characterization, phenotypic variation, Dactylis glomerata, orchardgrass.
INTRODUCTION
Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is one of the most important forage plants for temperate and cold climates regions on the world (Sanada et al., 2010; Last et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2016). Forthermore, It is a high agronomic value in the eastern region of Türkiye and other regions with a continental climate (Madesis et al., 2014; Yan et al., 2016). The high productivity and resistance to disease in variable climatic conditions is the main factor in the high economic value of orchardgrass, therefore it is widely used for grazing and hay production all over the worlde (Xie et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2013; Bakhtiari et al., 2019).
Information on the genetic relationship between genotypes can be used at the beginning of the breeding program to improve breeding populations as complementary to phenotypic information (Santalla et al., 1998; Abthai et al., 2018 ; Bougrine, 2022). Genetic diversity between genotypes can help to decide what the breeder will use as materials when creating new genetic combinations (Hallden et al., 1994; Azar et all., 2021; Haliloğlu et al., 2023).
Plant breeding is based on genetic diversity and the use of selection methods to increase plant production. More than 50% of the world's agricultural production has been achieved through traditional plant breeding (Kumar, 1999). However, as the human population increases, human pressure in the environment increases, and as a result, arable agricultural land decreases due to the changing climate. Therefore, it is inevitable to accelerate genetic progress in plant breeding (Kumar, 1999; Comertpay, 2008; Saeidnia et al.,2022).
The orchardgrass is of great importance with regard to the restoration of natural pastures and the establishment of intensive pastures (Msiza et al., 2021) . It is also an important source of genetic diversity. However, this plant has not been sufficiently studied and research on the possibility of cultivating the genotypes of this plant still limited. So there is a need for the characterization of those genotypes widely found in the natural grasslands. The comprehensive characterization of orchardgrass is very important, especially with regard to rehabilitation of natural pastures and breeding programs to obtain new varieties high yield for sustainable development of forage production in the changing world (Aygün et al., 2009). This study aimed to determine the morphological diversity among the genotypes of orchardgrass distributed on the natural plant cover of the Eastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Climatic characters: The study was conducted in the experimental field and greenhouse of department of field crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yil University. The Climate factors of the experiment field were recorded during the2019 growing season. The Monthly total rainfall (mm), monthly average temperature (C°) and long years average values were given in Table 1.
Table.1. Climatic information for the studied area (Temperature (C°) and rainfall (mm) for the studied area (Van city) during the growing season and through the long term).
Month |
During the growing season in 2019 |
Long term (C°) |
Temperature (C°) |
Rainfall (mm) |
Temperature (C°) |
Rainfall (mm) |
Max |
Min |
Average |
Max |
Min |
Average |
February |
2.6 |
-7.1 |
-2.5 |
33.4 |
-6.3 |
2.8 |
-2.4 |
31.9 |
March |
6.5 |
-2.8 |
1.5 |
46.4 |
6.8 |
-2.1 |
1.9 |
48.9 |
April |
12.8 |
2.5 |
7.6 |
55.6 |
12.9 |
3.3 |
8.1 |
53.2 |
May |
18.5 |
7.0 |
13.1 |
45.9 |
18.2 |
7.6 |
13.2 |
48.3 |
June |
23.9 |
10.8 |
18.2 |
18.6 |
23.9 |
11.7 |
18.6 |
17.9 |
July |
28.2 |
14.6 |
22.2 |
6.2 |
28.0 |
15.5 |
22.5 |
6.2 |
August |
28.4 |
14.6 |
22.1 |
5.8 |
28.1 |
15.4 |
22.1 |
4.2 |
September |
24.3 |
10.7 |
17.8 |
15.8 |
24.1 |
11.5 |
17.5 |
14.0 |
Soil characteristics: Some physical and chemical properties of the soil of experimental area was determined in the labarotory of department of Soil Since of the faculty and results given in Table 2.
Table.2. Some physical and chemical properties of agricultural soils in experiment site
Depth |
pH
Sat. |
Clay
% |
Silt
% |
Sand
% |
Lime
% |
CEC
me/100g |
Organic Matter
% |
0-20 |
8.16 |
45.08 |
31.95 |
25.97 |
21.06 |
16.00 |
1.87 |
20-40 |
8.30 |
40.76 |
27.88 |
29.39 |
21.41 |
17.00 |
1.69 |
Plant material: Study material Dactylis glomerata L. genotypes were collected from 43 various sites, which are across the Eastern Anatolian Region of Türkiye during July and August in 2018. D. glomerata (Amba) cultivar was used as a control in our study. (Table 3).
Table 3. The genotypes used in the study and geographical regions where they were collected.
Sequence No |
Genotype No |
Location |
Latitude |
Longitude |
Height (m) |
1 |
H2 |
Hakkari - Merzan |
37 ᵒ33.639' |
043ᵒ41.629' |
2166 |
2 |
H3 |
Hakkari - Ademan |
37 ᵒ33.502' |
043 ᵒ40.417' |
2543 |
3 |
H5 |
Hakkari - Kamışlı köyü |
37 ᵒ34.259' |
043 ᵒ32.195' |
1717 |
4 |
H6 |
Hakkari - Cevzdibi köyü |
37 ᵒ32.511' |
043 ᵒ29.609' |
1575 |
5 |
H9 |
Hakkari - Mergereş -Adaman |
37 ᵒ33.888' |
043 ᵒ39.352' |
2283 |
6 |
H21 |
Hakkari- Durankaya |
37 ᵒ37.980' |
043 ᵒ37.165' |
2999 |
7 |
H23 |
Hakkari - Durankaya |
37 ᵒ37.015' |
043 ᵒ37.718' |
2932 |
8 |
H26 |
Hakkari - Durankaya |
37 ᵒ34.835' |
043 ᵒ38.185' |
2499 |
9 |
H27 |
Hakkari - Durankaya |
37 ᵒ37.648' |
043 ᵒ37.355' |
3011 |
10 |
H41 |
Hakkari - Merkez |
37 ᵒ43.755' |
043 ᵒ58.169' |
2347 |
11 |
H43 |
Hakkari - Merkez |
37 ᵒ40.449' |
043 ᵒ58.635' |
1870 |
12 |
H45 |
Hakkari - Merkez |
37 ᵒ43.478' |
043 ᵒ59.139' |
2238 |
13 |
H47 |
Hakkari - Merkez |
37 ᵒ43.872' |
043 ᵒ59.270' |
2202 |
14 |
M61 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ08.007' |
041 ᵒ42.258' |
2163 |
15 |
M67 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ08.652' |
041 ᵒ42.228' |
2160 |
16 |
M71 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ12.570' |
041 ᵒ41.411' |
1916 |
17 |
M72 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ12.569' |
041 ᵒ41.481' |
1649 |
18 |
M74 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ09.297' |
041 ᵒ41.311' |
2073 |
19 |
M75 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ09.489' |
041 ᵒ41.010' |
2088 |
20 |
M79 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ06.385' |
041 ᵒ43.835' |
2268 |
21 |
M80 |
Muş-Varto |
39 ᵒ06.442' |
041 ᵒ45.848' |
2259 |
22 |
M81 |
Muş- Merkez |
38 ᵒ35.980' |
041 ᵒ33.786' |
1438 |
23 |
M85 |
Muş- Merkez |
38 ᵒ42.874' |
041 ᵒ29.540' |
1763 |
24 |
M110 |
Muş-Bulanık |
38 ᵒ52.128' |
041 ᵒ56.754' |
1766 |
25 |
M113 |
Muş - Tiğem |
38 ᵒ47.539' |
041 ᵒ23.257' |
1260 |
26 |
M115 |
Muş-Bulanık |
38 ᵒ49.314' |
041 ᵒ72.540' |
1532 |
27 |
A121 |
Ağri -Patnos |
39 ᵒ14.116' |
042 ᵒ54.890' |
1637 |
28 |
V141 |
Van-Erçiş |
39 ᵒ05.549' |
043 ᵒ37.911' |
1750 |
29 |
R163 |
Iğdır -Merkez |
38 ᵒ49.922' |
043 ᵒ40.526' |
1725 |
30 |
R175 |
Iğdır -Merkez |
38 ᵒ49.111' |
043 ᵒ40.311' |
1680 |
31 |
V181 |
Van-Kampüs |
38 ᵒ34.032' |
043 ᵒ16.869' |
1658 |
32 |
V189 |
Van-Kampüs |
38 ᵒ57.119' |
043 ᵒ28.818' |
1665 |
33 |
V202 |
Van-Bostanci |
38 ᵒ52.552' |
043 ᵒ44.658' |
1688 |
34 |
V207 |
Van-Bostanci |
38 ᵒ52.890' |
043 ᵒ44.995' |
1692 |
35 |
K225 |
Kars-Dağpınar |
40 ᵒ46.940' |
043 ᵒ31.527' |
2100 |
36 |
K240 |
Kars-Dağpınar |
40 ᵒ47.510' |
043 ᵒ31.681' |
2119 |
37 |
V241 |
Van- Gevaş |
38 ᵒ29.934' |
043 ᵒ10.640' |
1750 |
38 |
V247 |
Van- Gevaş |
38 ᵒ30.179' |
043 ᵒ10.777' |
1752 |
39 |
V253 |
Van- Gevaş |
38 ᵒ30.925' |
043 ᵒ11.174' |
1760 |
40 |
B261 |
Bitlis-Merkez |
38 ᵒ42.022' |
042 ᵒ12.354' |
1558 |
41 |
B269 |
Bitlis-Merkez |
38 ᵒ42.623' |
042 ᵒ12.291' |
1595 |
42 |
E283 |
Erzurum-Merkez- Saltuklu |
39 ᵒ90.226' |
041 ᵒ97.740' |
1870 |
43 |
E288 |
Erzurum-Merkez |
39 ᵒ91.692' |
041 ᵒ25.672' |
1860 |
44 |
Control |
|
|
|
|
Methods: Only one genotype was taken from each location. Furthermore, the seeds of genotypes that were collected from each location were planted in pots in the greenhouse at the beginning of December 2018. The plants were transferred to the field at the beginning of February 2019. In the field, the plants were planted with the distance between the lines 50 cm and between plants 30 cm with seven replication randomly. After transferring the plants to the field, the plant was practices irrigation and weed control when it was nedeed. In addition, nitrogen and P2O5 fertilizer was added when plant transplanted and manure was applicated before soil cultivation.
During the season 2019, observations of morphological characteristics as follow were made: plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (mm), length of peduncle(cm), node number (number), number of tillers per plant (number), panicle length (cm), number of spikelet per panicle (spikelet/panicle), 1000 seed weight (g) (Davis, 1985; Amirouche and Misset, 2007; Özköse and Tamkoc, 2014; L Zhouri et al., 2017; Zhouri et al., 2019).
Statistical Analysis of Morphological Data: Statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel, SPSS v23 (IBMSPSS statistic for windows version 23.0), and SAS (Statistical Analysis Software). A descriptive summary of morphological traits was calculated for each trait, and means were compared by ANOVA test. Also, the means were compared using Duncan multiple comparison test. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect phenotipic groups and to estimate the contribution of each variable to the analysis. Correlation tests were performed between morphological traits studied.
RESULTS
Morphological Characteristics Analysis: The results of the morphological characteristics showed a significant variance between the studied genotypes for all the studied characteristics (Table 4).
Table 4.The ANOVA table for the studied characteristics.
Characteristics |
d.f |
Mean Square |
F Value |
Pr > F |
Plant height (cm) |
43 |
455.52039 |
7.52 |
<.0001 |
Flag leaf length (cm) |
43 |
30.811534 |
3.81 |
<.0001 |
Flag leaf width (mm) |
43 |
3.4620560 |
4.38 |
<.0001 |
Number of tillers |
43 |
294.52756 |
6.92 |
<.0001 |
Node number |
43 |
0.24063727 |
1.57 |
0.0186 |
Length of peduncle (cm) |
43 |
32.338843 |
5.29 |
<.0001 |
Panicle length (cm) |
43 |
24.18169 |
4.68 |
<.0001 |
Number of spikelet per panicle |
43 |
8665.6342 |
5.70 |
<.0001 |
1000 seed weight (g) |
43 |
0.15756076 |
10.51 |
<.0001 |
Plant height: As a result of the measurements, the mean plant height of the genotypes was determined as 60.44 cm (Table 5). The genotype M75 had the highest plant height (77.57) cm, while the genotype had the shortest H27 (47.42 cm) plant height.
Flag leaf length: The average flag leaf length of orchardgrass genotypes was 11.67 cm (Table 5). Genotype M61 (16.28 cm) had the longest flag leaf length. While genotype V207 (7.80 cm) had the shortest flag leaf length.
Flag leaf width: The mean flag leaf width was 5.60 mm (Table 5). Genotype A121 (6.92 mm) had the longest flag leaf width. While genotype E288 and E283 (4.21 mm) had the shortest flag leaf width.
Table 5. Summary statisticsfor each genotype for studied characteristics.
No |
Genotype No |
Plant heıght (cm) |
Flag leaf length (cm) |
Flag leaf width (cm) |
Number of tiller/plants |
Node number/plant |
Length of peduncle |
Panicle length (cm) |
Number of spikelet per panicle |
1000 seed weight (g) |
1 |
H2 |
55.43 L-S |
10.79 H-N |
5.50 E-K |
7.43 G-N |
2.86 A-B |
11.35 I-M |
9.21 J-P |
138.6 J-N |
0.66 P-V |
2 |
H3 |
48.57 R-S |
11.39 G-M |
5.79 B-J |
4.14 J-N |
2.86 A-B |
9.64 M |
10.64 C-N |
149.0 I-N |
0.67 P-V |
3 |
H5 |
72.28 A-D |
14.85 A-E |
6.50 A-D |
8.86 E-N |
3.00 A |
16.35 A-C |
16.28 A |
195.4 C-H |
0.84 G-N |
4 |
H6 |
49.57 R-S |
12.14 E-K |
5.93 B-H |
7.86 G-N |
2.71 A-C |
11.00 J-M |
9.79 H-P |
117.4 M-N |
0.55 V |
5 |
H9 |
50.00 Q-S |
13.71 A-G |
6.71 A-B |
2.42 M-N |
2.86 A-B |
9.64 M |
11.93 B-G |
155.1 I-N |
0.73 M-R |
6 |
H21 |
55.57 L-R |
10.71 H-N |
6.43 A-E |
5.86 H-N |
2.86 A-B |
13.00 E-K |
10.14 F-P |
152.4 I-N |
0.57 U-V |
7 |
H23 |
59.86 H-O |
13.21 C-H |
6.29 A-F |
6.71 H-N |
2.71 A-C |
13.42 E-J |
11.57 B-I |
185.1 E-I |
0.69 O-U |
8 |
H26 |
59.57 I-O |
13.07 C-I |
6.14 A-G |
8.57 F-N |
2.71 A-C |
13.14 E-K |
12.79 B-C |
198.6 B-F |
0.81 I-O |
9 |
H27 |
47.42 S |
10.29 I-O |
5.86 B-I |
6.29 H-N |
2.14 D |
10.17 L-M |
10.67 C-N |
154.9 I-N |
0.62 R-V |
10 |
H41 |
54.71 N-S |
11.86 F-L |
5.36 F-M |
4.57 J-N |
2.57 B-C |
11.50 I-M |
10.64 C-O |
181.0 E-I |
0.59 T-V |
11 |
H43 |
52.86 O-S |
10.00 J-O |
5.14 H-N |
5.71 I-N |
2.86 A-B |
11.00 J-M |
9.00 L-P |
153.0 I-N |
0.62 R-V |
12 |
H45 |
58.14 K-P |
12.21 E-J |
6.29 A-F |
9.57 E-K |
2.86 A-B |
12.21 G-M |
10.93 C-M |
196.7 C-G |
0.76 L-Q |
13 |
H47 |
55.71 L-R |
11.43 G-M |
5.79 B-J |
5.00 J-N |
2.71 A-C |
11.85 H-M |
10.57 D-P |
197.7 B-G |
0.61 S-V |
14 |
M61 |
71.14 A-E |
16.28 A |
6.14 A-G |
8.86 E-N |
2.86 A-B |
16.14 A-D |
11.71 B-H |
187.4 D- I |
0.85 G-M |
15 |
M67 |
62.43 F-N |
14.86 A-E |
6.64 A-B |
10.29 E-J |
2.57 B-C |
12.21 G-M |
16.28 A |
260.6 A |
0.65 Q-V |
16 |
M71 |
60.57 H-O |
12.36 D-J |
5.43 F-L |
6.86 H-N |
2.86 A-B |
11.00 J-M |
12.50 B-F |
237.6 A-B |
0.86 G-M |
17 |
M72 |
55.29 M-S |
11.43 G-M |
4.93 I-N |
3.86 J-N |
2.71 A-C |
12.71 G-M |
11.07 B-M |
210.3 B-E |
0.91 D-I |
18 |
M74 |
48.43 R-S |
10.29 I-O |
4.50 L-N |
3.29 K-N |
2.86 A-B |
10.71 K-M |
8.93 M-P |
134,0 K-N |
0.70 O-T |
19 |
M75 |
77.57 A |
15.57 A-C |
6.57 A-C |
7.00 H-N |
3.00 A |
17.57 A |
12.07 B-G |
175.1 E-J |
0.90 F-K |
20 |
M79 |
65.71 D-J |
10.93 G-N |
5.64 C-K |
9.29 E-L |
3.00 A |
13.85 C-I |
9.14 K-P |
173.7 E-K |
0.77 K-Q |
21 |
M80 |
49.00 R-S |
10.64 H-O |
4.93 I-N |
4.00 J-N |
2.86 A-B |
11.42 I-M |
11.29 B-L |
225.7 A-D |
0.81 I-O |
22 |
M81 |
55.86 L-R |
12.36 D-J |
5.93 B-H |
2.28 N |
2.71 A-C |
12.57 F-L |
13.14 B-C |
256.4 A |
0.82 I-O |
23 |
M85 |
61.43 G-N |
15.14 A-D |
6.29 A-F |
3.57 K-N |
2.71 A-C |
13.42 E-J |
11.57 B-J |
235.3 A-C |
0.78 J-P |
24 |
M110 |
70.42 A-F |
12.29 E-J |
5.93 B-H |
11.86 E-I |
3.00 A |
15.57 A-E |
11.64 B-I |
213.7 B-E |
0.96 C-H |
25 |
M113 |
64.00 E-K |
16.07 A-B |
5.93 B-H |
8.86 E-N |
3.00 A |
13.64 D-I |
12.57 B-E |
226.3 A-D |
0.89 F-K |
26 |
M115 |
63.14 E-M |
10.07 J-O |
5.86 B-I |
9.00 E-M |
3.00 A |
12.42 G-L |
8.33 O-P |
125.0 L-N |
0.93 D-I |
27 |
A121 |
76.28 A-B |
14.64 A-F |
6.92 A |
15.29 C-E |
2.86 A-B |
17.21 A |
12.60 B-C |
212.7 B-E |
0.96 C-G |
28 |
V141 |
62.71 F-N |
9.86 J-O |
5.36 F-M |
7.00 H-N |
2.71 A-C |
14.50 B-G |
11.43 B-J |
205.7 B-E |
0.85 G-M |
29 |
R163 |
69.00 A-G |
10.93 G-N |
5.36 F-M |
27.85 A |
2.57 B-C |
14.21 B-H |
12.00 B-G |
156.0 H-M |
0.89 F-K |
30 |
R175 |
75.28 A-C |
9.11 L-O |
4.93 I-N |
25.28 A-B |
2.86 A-B |
16.64 A-B |
8.25 O-P |
115.9 N |
1.03 B-E |
31 |
V181 |
67.71 B-I |
9.24 L-O |
4.79 K-N |
22.71 A-B |
2.57 B-C |
16.42 A-C |
8.24 O-P |
158.1 G-L |
0.83 H-N |
32 |
V189 |
67.00 D-I |
11.86 F-L |
5.29 G-M |
13.71 D-G |
3.00 A |
17.57 A |
11.40 B-K |
182.4 E-I |
0.74 L-R |
33 |
V202 |
58.43 K-P |
12.21 E-J |
5.07 H-N |
2.71 L-N |
3.00 A |
13.68 D-I |
10.21 E-P |
174.7 E-J |
0.87 F-L |
34 |
V207 |
51.29 P-S |
7.80 O |
5.00 H-N |
8.29 G-N |
3.00 A |
14.24 B-H |
10.21 E-P |
163.4 F-L |
0.90 E-J |
35 |
K225 |
67.29 B-I |
11.64 G-M |
6.43 A-E |
15.00 C-F |
3.00 A |
15.14 A-F |
11.24 B-L |
180.3 E-I |
0.99 C-F |
36 |
K240 |
57.71 K-Q |
10.93 G-N |
5.36 F-M |
6.29 H-N |
3.00 A |
12.42 G-L |
9.36 I-P |
159.1 F-L |
1.06 A-C |
37 |
V241 |
48.00 R-S |
9.00 M-O |
4.47 M-N |
6.57 H-N |
2.71 A-C |
13.50 E-J |
8.64 N-P |
164.1 F-L |
0.84 G-N |
38 |
V247 |
64.57 D-K |
10.97 G-N |
4.86 J-N |
19.57 B-D |
3.00 A |
14.50 B-G |
9.84 G-P |
206.6 B-E |
0.72 N-S |
39 |
V253 |
63.43 E-L |
9.96 J-O |
4.93 I-N |
12.43 E-H |
2.86 A-B |
14.28 B-H |
10.26 E-P |
198.0 B-G |
0.83 I-N |
40 |
B261 |
59.00 J-P |
13.39 B-H |
6.14 A-G |
3.86 J-N |
2.86 A-B |
12.92 F-K |
12.14 B-G |
230.7 A-C |
1.13 A-B |
41 |
B269 |
63.29 E-M |
11.31 G-M |
5.57 D-K |
21.28 A-C |
2.86 A-B |
14.28 B-H |
12.60 B-D |
213.1 B-E |
1.18 A |
42 |
E283 |
55.29 M-S |
9.36 K-O |
4.21 N |
7.71 G-N |
2.57 B-C |
11.50 I-M |
9.26 J-P |
176.7 E-J |
0.68 P-V |
43 |
E288 |
60.00 H-O |
8.14 N-O |
4.21 N |
20.57 B-C |
2.43 C-D |
13.50 E-J |
8.02 P |
176.9 E-J |
1.03 B-D |
44 |
CON |
68.42 A-G |
9.31 K-O |
4.85 J-N |
19.71B-C |
2.57 B-C |
16.78 A-B |
8.53 N-P |
161.14 F-L |
0.83 I-N |
Min |
47.42 |
7.80 |
4.21 |
2.28 |
2.14 |
9.64 |
8.02 |
115.86 |
0.55 |
Max |
77.57 |
16.28 |
6.92 |
27.85 |
3.00 |
17.57 |
16.28 |
260.57 |
1.18 |
Mean |
60.44 |
11.67 |
5.60 |
9.72 |
2.80 |
13.41 |
10.87 |
183.45 |
0.82 |
St Dev. |
8.07 |
2.10 |
0.70 |
6.49 |
0.19 |
2.15 |
1.86 |
35.18 |
0.15 |
CV (%) |
13.35 |
17.97 |
12.57 |
66.71 |
6.62 |
16.02 |
17.08 |
19.18 |
18.37 |
Number of tillers per plant: The mean number of tillers per plant was 9.72 (Table 5). Genotype R163 (27.85) had the highest tillers number while genotype M81 (2.28) had the lowest tillers number.
Node number: The average node number was 2.80 (Table 5). Genotypes H5, M75, M79, M110, M113, M115, V189, V202, V207, K225, K240, and V247 (3) had the highest node number while genotypes H27 (2.14) had the lowest node number.
Length of peduncle: The average length peduncle was found as 13.41 cm (Table 5). Genotypes M75, V189 (17.57cm) had the longest length of peduncle while genotypes H9 and H3 (9.64 cm) had the shortest length of peduncle.
Panicle length: The average panicle length was found as 10.87 cm (Table 5). Genotype M67 and H5 (16.28 cm) had the longest panicle length while genotype E288 (8.02 cm) had the shortest panicle length.
Number of spikelet perpanicle: The average number of spikelet per panicle was found as 183.45 (Table 5). Genotype M67 (260.57) had the highest spikelet number per panicle while Genotype R175 (115.86) had the lowest number of spikelet per panicle.
1000 seed weight: The average of 1000 seed weight was 0.816 g (Table 5). Genotype B269 (1.18 g) had the highest 1000 seed weight while genotype H6 (0.55 g) had the lowest 1000 seed weight.
Correlation Coefficient Analysis: The results showed significant (p<0.01) and positive correlations between Plant height and the number of tillers per plant (0.599**), plant height and length of peduncle (0.864**), plant height and 1000 seed weight (0.473**), flag leaf length and flag leaf width (0.765**), flag leaf length and panicle length (0.734**), flag leaf length and number of spikelet per panicle (0.484**), flag leaf width and panicle length (0.655**), number of tillers per plant and length of the peduncle (0.580**), number of tillers per plant and 1000 seed weight (0.391**), length of the upper internode and 1000 seed weight (0.468**), panicle length and number of spikelet per panicle (0.680**) (Table 6).
Table 6. Correlation Coefficients.
|
Flag leaf length (cm) |
Flag leaf width (mm) |
Number of tillersper plant |
Node number |
Length of peduncle (cm) |
Panicle length (cm) |
N.spikelet per panicle |
1000 seed weight (g) |
plant height (cm) |
,346* |
,265 |
,599** |
,281 |
,864** |
,246 |
,166 |
,473** |
Flag leaf length (cm) |
1 |
,765** |
-,283 |
,246 |
,144 |
,734** |
,484** |
-,001 |
Flag leaf width (mm) |
1 |
-,236 |
,205 |
,068 |
,655** |
,264 |
-,060 |
Number of tillers per plant |
1 |
-,120 |
,580** |
-,161 |
-,164 |
,391** |
Node number |
|
|
|
1 |
,273 |
,091 |
,014 |
,296 |
Length of peduncle (cm) |
1 |
,101 |
,089 |
,468** |
Panicle length (cm) |
1 |
,680** |
,065 |
N.spikelet per panicle |
1 |
,207 |
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
Principal Components Analysis: Principal components analysis revealed that five components had Eigenvalues greater than one (Table 7). The factors with Eigen values greater than one were considered to determine the number of factors (Kaiser, 1960). An Eigenvalue greater than one indicates that weighted values of the relevant principal component are reliable (Mohammadi and Prasanna, 2003).
Table 7. Principal component analysis of orchardgrass genotypes: loading of characters on the first five axes and explained.
|
PC1 |
PC2 |
PC3 |
PC4 |
PC5 |
Eigen value |
3.3965 |
2.6244 |
1.7012 |
1.1721 |
1.0532 |
Proportion of variance % |
21.851 |
18.844 |
11.633 |
10.894 |
7.088 |
Cumulative variance % |
21.851 |
40.694 |
52.327 |
63.221 |
70.31 |
Observation |
PC1 |
PC2 |
PC3 |
PC4 |
PC5 |
Plant Height (cm) |
0.31148 |
-0.29015 |
0.18426 |
0.33702 |
-0.0272 |
Flag Leaf Length (cm) |
0.34685 |
0.12986 |
0.40915 |
-0.04549 |
-0.1099 |
Flag Leaf Width (mm) |
0.30046 |
0.0509 |
0.42865 |
-0.12887 |
-0.05129 |
Number of Tillers |
0.03138 |
-0.42209 |
-0.09449 |
0.20778 |
-0.18504 |
Node Number |
0.05719 |
-0.05256 |
0.23045 |
0.29297 |
0.54828 |
Length of the Upper Internode (cm) |
0.24189 |
-0.31453 |
0.13329 |
0.35836 |
-0.07023 |
Panicle Length (cm) |
0.41974 |
0.18395 |
0.05751 |
-0.20047 |
0.04146 |
Number of Spikelet Per Panicle |
0.37916 |
0.24774 |
-0.04857 |
-0.04579 |
0.07907 |
1000 Seed Weight (g) |
0.23224 |
-0.10092 |
-0.32623 |
0.26371 |
0.15059 |
Analyses showed that the first principal component, explaining 21.85 % of the total variation, was composed of flag leaf length, flag leaf width, length of the peduncle, panicle length, number of spikelet per panicle. The second principal component, representing 18.84 % of the total variation, was number of spikelet per panicle. The third principal component, representing 11.63 % of the total variation, was due to flag leaf length, flag leaf width. The fourth principal component, representing 10.89 % of the total variation, plant height, number of tillers, node number, length of the upper peduncle and 1000 seed weight. The Fifth principal component, representing 7.09 % of the total variation, was the node number.
DISCUSSION
Morphological Characteristics Analysis: The genetic diversity of orchardgrass has been evaluated in different geographical locations through the previous studies, and it has been found that are differences between the evaluated genotypes with regard to investigated characteristics (Sağsöz et al., 1996; Garcia and Lindner, 1998; Sahuquillo and Lumaret, 1999; Ayan et al., 2010; Tuna et al., 2004; Mut and Ayan, 2008; Peng et al., 2008; Uysal et al., 2015; Bristiel et al., 2019).
To determine the genetic diversity of orchardgrass in this study, the genotype were collected from various locations of the Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye, and then planted in the same site, in order to neutralize the effect of environmental factors. The method used in the current study is consistent with that used in previous researcers (Ayan et al. 2006; Mut and Ayan 2008; Uysal et al. 2015; Hodkinson et al., 2019). Many studies determined the genetic variability of orchardgrass genotypes in collected from different locations. Uysal et al. (2015) determined the genetic diversity of orchardgrss in the Eastern Anatolia region that where the genotypes collected from natural grassland of Agrı, Ardahan, Artvin, Bayburt, Bingol, Erzurum, Kars and Mus to evaluate the genotypes available for breeding. Moreover, Mut and Ayan (2008) have collected orchardgrass genotypes from different locations of Ondokuzmayıs University Kurupelit campus to evaluate the genetic diversity of these plants. Sağsöz et al. (1996) found significant differences among orchargrass genotypes collected from the different locations of Erzurum, concerning morphological and biological traits.
The plant heights ranged between 47.42 (H27) to 77.57 (M75) cm with an average of 60.44 cm (Table 5). Our findings were consisted with results of Mika et al. (2002), Mut and Ayan (2008), and Uysal et al. (2015) who were obtained similar results due to studies in ecologically similar locations (59.8-64.5 cm, 67.20-71.36 cm, 75.3 cm) respectively. On the other hand, it was lower compared to other studies 74.7-101.47 cm (Tosun and Sagoz, 1994), 49.1- 95 cm (Aygün et al., 2009), 63.00 -160.00 cm (Ayan et al., 2010), and 76.6 cm (Copani et al., 2013). This can be explained by the differences among genotypes and locations. In this study, the measurement of the lowest plant height were recorded the material collected from high altitude area (3011 m) of Hakkari. It has been reported that as the altitude increases, the atmosphere layer becomes thinner and the effectiveness of short wavelength rays increases, which causes short stature in plants (Andic, 1999). Finlly, this conditions can be cause a genetically differences in the material in long term period (Zang et al., 2018). Consequently, plant height become shorter.
The average flag leaf length of orchardgrass genotypes was 11.67 cm, ranging from 7.80 cm (V207) to 16.28 cm (M61) (Table 5). The variation between genotypes in terms of flag leaf length is significant for yield and quality. Furthermore, it could give an alternative to select the suitable genotypes for breeding programs. In previous studies, flag leaf length was reported between 14.99- 27.40 cm (Tosun and Sagoz, 1994), 7.0–20.5 cm (Aygün et al., 2009), 7.0- 26 cm (Uysal et al., 2015), in a part of Eastern Anatolia, and 2.00 - 36.00 cm (Ayan et al., 2010) in Middle Black Sea Region, respectively. Leaf length is affected by many factors such as climatic conditions, genotypes and growing practices. The number of cells has less impact on leaf length, while there are some factors that increase leaf length such as increased cell size, long days, low light intensity and normal temperature. On the other hand, extreme temperature negatively affect the leaf length. Morever, the deficiency of water reduces the overall leaf area (Hazard and Ghesquiere, 1997).
The flag leaf width was ranged from 4.21 mm (E288 and E283) to 6.92 mm (A121) with an average of 5.59 mm (Table 5). Similarly, Tosun and Sağsöz (1994), Aygün et al. (2009), Ayan et al. (2010) and Msiza et al. (2021) results showed different leaf widths ranging from 7-10 mm, 5- 11 mm, to 2.7-10 mm and 6.01 and 4.46 mm respectively. The results obtained by the current study indicated highly significant differences among the locations concerning flag leaf length and flag leaf width (Table 4). Orchardgrass 29 genotype evaluated in this study was collected from where have higher evaluation than 2000 meters. Altitude increases the duration and intensity of lighting, causing the leaf cells to shrink, resulting in the formation of small leaves and leaflets (Andiç, 1999; Zhang et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018 ). İn general, in most types of grass plants, the leaf width is small, however, it is preferable to have a large leaf width for forage plants. Therefore, the precense of variability between the averages of the leaf width will provide an advantage for selecting suitable plants for breeding programs.
The average of number tillers of orchardgrass genotypes was 9.72. This trait ranged from 2.28 (M81) to 27.85 (R163) (Table 5), the results indicated that there is a highly significant difference among the genotypes (Table 4). Mut and Ayan (2008) reported that the number of tillers to samples collected from Ondokuz Mayis University campus area was found between 15 - 54. In contrast Ayan et al. (2006) reported that the average of number of tillers was between 10 - 10.3. It is estimated that the low number of tillers in our study is due to the determination of the number of tillers in one-year-old plants. One of the most important factors affecting the number of tillers in orchardgrass is plant age (Demirkol and Asci, 2017; Msiza et al., 2021)
Node number per plant was significantly different among the genotypes (Table 4), where the node number of orchardgrass genotypes was between 2.14 (H27) and 3 (H5, M75, M79, M110, M113, M115, V189, V202, V207, K225, K240, V247) (Table 5). We found lower values for this parameter compared to other studies where it was determined between 2.7- 4.0 nodes/plant by Tosun and Sagoz, (1994), 4.6 - 4.91 nodes/plant by Mut and Ayan (2008) 3 - 6 nodes/plant by Ayan et al. (2010), and 3-5 per plant by Uysal et al. (2015).
The length of peduncle was between 9.64 cm (H9 and H3) to 17.57 cm (M75, V189) with an average of 13.41 cm (Table 5), indicating a highly significant difference among our genotypes (Table 4). In previous studies, Mut and Ayan (2008), stated that the length of the peduncle was between 13.60 -18.26 cm in humid condition. Uysal et al. (2015) indicated that the length of the peduncle was 15-27 cm. The highest correlation between the length of peduncle and the height of the plant among investigated genotypes in the study. This properties can be used as selection criteria because as plant height increase plant yield increase (Tosun et al., 1996)
The average panicle length of orchardgrass genotypes was found as 10.87 cm ranged from 8.02 cm (E288) to 16.28 cm (M67, H5) (Table 5). These results consisted with Uysal et al., (2015)’s findings. Similarly, Mika et al. (2002), Ayan et al. (2006), and Copani et al. (2013) were reported the panicle length of genotypes collected from different locations varied between 10.5-13.0 cm.
Regarding the number of spikelets per panicle, our results ranged from 115.86 to 260.57 with an average of 183.45 (Table 5). The results was partly similar to the other researchers findings (Tosun et al., 1996; Ayan et al., 2006). The number of spikelets per spike is affected by genotypes rather than environmental factors.
The average of 1000 seed weight of the varied significantly between 0.55 g and 1.18 g (Table 5). These results consistent with previously conducted research findings (Manga et al., 2002; Tükel and Hatipoglu, 1994). In the correlation test, 1000 grain weight was not correlated with panicle length and number spikilet per panicle. The significantly correlation coefficient was determined between 1000 seed grain weight and plant height (0.473**) in this study. This findings could play an important role in the breeding programs if the genotypes with a high 1000-seed weight were selected.
The study results showed a significant wide range of variation between genotypes of orchardgrass regarding of examined all traits. Although the plants were grown under the same ecological conditions, the variation observed among genoytpes must be originated from genetical differences (Madesis et al., 2014; Zirak et al., 2019).
The results of this study were similar to findings of Erdoğdu et al., (2018), where indicated that there is a significant positive correlation between plant height and with flag leaf length, flag leaf width, node number, length of the upper internode. Moreover, the findings are in confirmation with the results of (Copani et al., 2013), which indicated that the plant height observed a high positive and significant correlation with flag leaf length, flag leaf width.
Our result are in similar with that of Tosun et al. (1996) and Abtahi et al. (2018) who reported positive and significant correlations between some morphological traits such as hay yield and plant height, leaf length. A study conducted by Zahid (1996), found thousand seed weight and florets/spikelet were found to be negatively correlated with seed yield. Therefore, the number of reproductive tillers at anthesis, not florets/spikelet, that had the most significant influence in determining seed yield in orchardgrass; the higher the reproductive tiller number the higher the seed yield.
Principal components represented 70.31 % of the total variation observed in orchardgrass genotypes and the number of principal components was five (Table 7). While determining the number of principal components, it is reported that should be in number to explain at least 67% of total variation (Karaagaç and Balkaya, 2010).
Our findings are in complete agreement with the finding Uysal et al., (2015) and Hodkinson et al., (2019) where the principal components represented 72.66% of total variation observed in orchardgrass ecotypes, collected from natural pastures part of the Eastern Anatolia Region and some of them province have not same ecological feature.
Conclusion: Because natural plant covers are an unique genetic resources, they have greates resource for crop breeding programs. Although the eastern Anatolia region of Türkiye has only continental climate characteristics with highly variable due to rolling topography (especiallay elevation), large variations were determined in the morphological characterization of the orchardgrass. This result shows that orchardgrass species distributed in the natural flora of the Eastern Anatolia region have a great genetical diversity. This is a pleasing findings with respect to plant breeding programs plant height, peduncle height and tiller number are promisingly related to higher yield. Thus, the plants, observed inthis study, have the value over the average mentioned these 3 properties can be include breeding programs and further progress.
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