RT Journal
T1 EVOLUTION IN RESISTANCE AGAINST TETRACYCLINE IN BACTERIA
A1 Muhammad Ehetisham ul Haq
A1 Muhammad Usman
A1 Usama Ahmad
A1 Muhammad Kamran
A1 Huma Abbas
A1 Muhammad Umar Shahbaz
A1 Waseem Abbas
A1 Qamar Anser Tufail Khan
A1 Salman Ahmad
JF Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
JO JAPS
SN 1018-7081
VO 36
IS 4
YR 2026
FD 2026
DO DOI https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2026.4.0077
AB <p style="text-align: justify;">Tetracyclines used to be potent broad-spectrum antibiotics, but the rampant use of these drugs in the clinic and agriculture has led to widespread resistance among bacterial populations. This review outlines the evolutionary foundation of tetracycline resistance by emphasizing the primary molecular mechanisms that comprise efflux pumps, ribosomal protection proteins, and enzymatic inactivation. Efflux systems, programmed by heterogeneous tet genes, are prevalent in Gram-negative bacteria, while ribosomal protection proteins occur more frequently in Gram-positive strains. Enzymatic inactivation, although less frequent, is gaining notoriety due to the increase in Tet(X) variants. The review also addresses the involvement of horizontal gene transfer via plasmids, transposons, and integrative elements in spreading resistance between clinical, veterinary, and environmental environments. Ecological surveys show that soil, water, animal, and plant-associated microbiomes are primary reservoirs of tet genes, which guarantee their persistence even without direct antibiotic pressure. Evolutionary analyses show that Gram-negative bacteria evolve faster than Gram-positives, highlighting their supremacy in resistance propagation. Together, this review presents an integrated overview of the genetic, ecological, and evolutionary forces of tetracycline resistance and highlights the worldwide health consequences of its endurance.</p>
K1 Tetracycline, efflux pumps, ribosomal protection, enzymatic inactivation, horizontal gene transfer, resistance evolution, ecology
PB Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum
LK https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2025-JAPS-855