17 Fengbo Yang Fengjiao Li Xing Chen Ping Lv Ruhui Xiao Daxiong Ding Qian Li Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences JAPS 20252025/09/30 35 5 1291-1301 1018-7081 https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2025.5.0110 <p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a type of non-infectious inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa with a complex pathogenesis. This study investigated the mechanism of Baicalin (BAI, main active component of&nbsp;<em>Radix Scutellariae&nbsp;</em>extract) on the immune-inflammatory response in AR rat model through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used as Control group. The AR model (AR group) was constructed by ovalbumin sensitization, and treated with 0.9 mg/kg loratadine (LRD group) and 20, 40, 80 mg/kg of BAI (LD-BAI group, MD-BAI group and HD-BAI group)via intragastric administration for 28 days. Symptom scores of the rats were assessed, peripheral blood was collected to determine Th1/Th2 cell ratios and changes ininflammatory cytokines, and nasal mucosa tissues were harvested to analyze pathological morphological changes and the expression of proteins related to the TLR4/AP-1 signaling pathway. As against Control group, AR group suggested increased symptom scores; nasal mucosa tissue edema, congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration; decreased CD3⁺CD4⁺IFN-&gamma;⁺Th1 proportion and increased CD3⁺CD4⁺IL-4⁺Th2 proportion in peripheral blood; elevated levels of inflammatory cytokinesIgE, IL-4, IL-17, and TNF-&alpha;, and decreased levels of IL-10 and IFN-&gamma;; increased relative expression (RE) of TLR4, Ikk&beta;, NF-&kappa;B, p-JNK, and AP-1 proteins in nasal mucosa tissue (<em>P&le;</em>0.05). As against AR group, LRD group, LD-BAI group, MD-BAI group, and HD-BAI group all suggested visible improvements in symptom scores, nasal mucosa tissue morphology, peripheral blood immune cell ratios, immune cytokine levels, and the expression of TLR4 pathway-related proteins in nasal mucosa, with HD-BAI group (80 mg/kg) demonstrating the most significant improvements in all indicators (<em>P&le;0.05</em>vs. AR group). These findings suggest that BAI may alleviate AR symptoms by modulating immune-inflammatory responses via TLR4/AP-1 signaling. BAI can suppress the activation of TLR4 and its downstream Ikk&beta;/NF-&kappa;B, JNK/AP-1 inflammatory signaling pathwaysin AR rat model. BAI shows the developing novel treatment modalities for AR, warranting further investigation.</p> Allergic rhinitis; Baicalin; nasal mucosa;inflammatory cytokines; TLR4; Ikkβ/NF-κB; JNK/AP-1 Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2025-JAPS-196