[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "ASSESSMENT ON THE PARENTAL CARE STRATEGY OF THE YELLOW-VENTED BULBUL PYCNONOTUS GOIAVIER IN PERAK, MALAYSIA",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "N",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Dzulhelmi",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Suriyanti",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Nursyereen",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Sugumaran",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2022]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "32",
  "issue": "6",
  "page": "1784-1990",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2022.6.0587",
  "abstract": "<p>The parental care strategy and diet requirements of the yellow-vented bulbul&nbsp;<em>Pycnonotus goiavier</em>&nbsp;chicks were studied. The assessment was conducted based on the (1) number of feeding bouts (bouts/hour), (2) average time intervals between each feeding (minutes/bouts) (3) feeding strategies (perch-go-in or direct-go-in) and (4) types of food items carried to the nest to feed the chicks. A total of 6000 minutes of direct observation from a close distance was performed for 10 days from 28<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;May 2016 until 6<sup>th</sup>&nbsp;June 2016 between 0700-1900 hours. Out of 816 independent feeding bouts, the parents preferred the perch-go-in (80.03%) as compared to the direct-go-in (19.97%) feeding strategy to feed the chicks in their nest. The average time spent for feeding was 7.50 &plusmn; 3.84 minutes / bout (7.50 &plusmn; 1.23 bouts/h), with the least number of bouts during the morning feeding time at 5.68 &plusmn; 3.09 bouts/h. The most frequent food items comprised of invertebrates such as dragonflies (16.15%) and grasshoppers (11.35%) and fruits including&nbsp;<em>Murraya koenigii</em> (14.02%). The success of raising both the chicks depended on the nest placement, feeding strategy, food availability, predation risk and commitment of both parents.</p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=ZLG-21-0006"
}]