[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL TOTAL INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA PROTOCOL USING CONSTANT RATE INFUSION IN GOATS DURING PAIN MANAGEMENT",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Asif",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Khan",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Akbar",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Omer",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2022]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "32",
  "issue": "2",
  "page": "370-382",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2022.2.0434",
  "abstract": "<p>The study was aimed to develop a suitable total intravenous anesthesia protocol by comparative efficacy of three different combinations of detomidine, midazolam, propofol and ketamine in goats undergoing rumenotomy. In total, 18 female goats were divided into 3 treatment groups A, B and C comprising 6 animals each. In Group-A, after sedation with detomidine @ 2.5 &micro;g/kg, induction was achieved with propofol @ 4 mg/kg and maintenance with constant rate infusion of (detomidine 2.5 &micro;g/kg/hr + propofol 9.6 mg/kg/hr). Similarly, in Group-B, after sedation with midazolam @ 0.25 mg/kg, induction was done with ketamine @ 4 mg/kg and maintenance with infusion of (midazolam 0.25 mg/kg/hr + ketamine 2.4 mg/kg/hr). Whereas, in Group-C, after sedation with (detomidine1.25 &micro;g/kg + midazolam 0.12 mg/kg), induction was done with (propofol 2 mg/kg + ketamine 2 mg/kg) and maintenance with combination of all drugs (detomidine 1.2 &micro;g/kg/hr + midazolam 0.12 mg/kg/hr + propofol 4.5 mg/kg/hr + ketamine 1.2 mg/kg/hr) using a syringe-driving pump. Anesthetic, clinico-physiological and haematobiochemical parameters were evaluated. A better quality anesthesia with rapid and smooth induction, excellent muscle relaxation and rapid recovery was noticed in group C than group A and B. The statistical analysis indicated significant differences (p&lt;0.05) for heart &amp; respiratory rates, diastolic arterial pressure, partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen hemoglobin saturation among or within all groups except within group C. However, non-significant differences (p&gt;0.05) were observed among or within all groups for packed cell volume, total erythrocyte count, total plasma protein and liver &amp; renal function parameters. In conclusion, total intravenous anesthesia maintained with detomidine-midazolam-propofol-ketamine proved to be the best drug combinations taking into account the anesthetic, clinico-physiological and haematobiochemical parameters during pain management.</p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=VS-20-0052"
}]