[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "POLYMORPHISMS OF BETA CASEIN (CSN2) CDS AND INFERENCE OF ITS VARIANTS IN RIVER AND SWAMP WATER BUFFALO (BUBALUS BUBALIS)",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Fan",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "a",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Xue",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "a",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Qiu",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "a",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Wang",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Miao",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2021]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "31",
  "issue": "5",
  "page": "1240-1251",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2021.5.0324",
  "abstract": "<p><em>&beta;</em>-casein (<em>&beta;</em>-CN)&nbsp;has an important effect on surface properties of casein micelles and milk-clotting properties. However, current understanding of buffalo&nbsp;<em>CSN2</em>&nbsp;gene polymorphisms is not sufficient. In this study, the polymorphisms in the complete coding sequence (CDS) of buffalo&nbsp;<em>CSN2&nbsp;</em>were detected using PCR product direct sequencing. The CDS lengths of&nbsp;<em>CSN2&nbsp;</em>gene in river and swamp buffalo were the same, which was 675 nucleotides and encoded a peptide with 224 amino acid residues. A total of 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in two types of buffalo. Among them, c.72C&gt;T, c.161A&gt;G, c.167C&gt;T, c.168A&gt;G, c.236G&gt;C, c.249C&gt;G, c.350T&gt;C and c.391G&gt;T were non-synonymous, which leads to the changes of p.Gly10Ser, p.Gln39Arg, p.Thr41Met, p.Gly64Ala, p.Asn68Lys, p.Met102Thr and p.Val116Phe in the mature peptide of buffalo&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN, respectively. However, it was predicted that these substitutions had no effect on the function of buffalo&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN. Fourteen haplotypes were defined based on the SNPs found in buffalo, and accordingly, 4 protein variants and 6 synonymous variants were added in the genetic variants of buffalo&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN, named variant B<sup>2</sup>, B<sup>3</sup>, B<sup>4</sup>, C, C<sup>1</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, C<sup>3</sup>, D, E and F, respectively. The main variant in river buffalo was variant B, whereas in swamp buffalo was variant C. All the&nbsp;<a name=\"_Hlk21027588\"></a>variants&nbsp;determined in buffalo did not exist in the animals of&nbsp;<em>Bos</em>&nbsp;genus. In addition, there were 11 amino acid differential sites of&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN between buffalo and&nbsp;<em>Bos</em>&nbsp;genus, of which Thr at residue 41 was located at the phosphorylation site. Furthermore,&nbsp;the results revealed that both types of buffalo&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN were &ldquo;A<sup>2</sup>-like&rdquo;, which indicates that the&nbsp;<em>&beta;</em>-CN in buffalo milk is beneficial to human health.</p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=AS-19-0124"
}]