[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "BISPHENOL S INDUCED CYTO-GENOTOXIC EVALUATION IN Eisenia fetida THROUGH MICRONUCLEUS AND COMET ASSAYS",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Nazir",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Iqbal",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Ali",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Ali",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Hussain",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Abbas",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Ashraf",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Aftab",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Fatima",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2026]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "36",
  "issue": "4",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2026.4.0082",
  "abstract": "<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0in 6.0pt 0in;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;\">Bisphenol S (BPS), the most commonly used alternative to bisphenol A (BPA), is widely present in various consumer products. This study was designed to investigate the BPS-induced cyto-genotoxicity in <em style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: normal;\">E. fetida</em>, an important soil indicator. Earthworms were categorized into four experimental groups and one control group (n=10/group), and exposed to different concentrations of BPS (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/mL). </span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">The median lethal concentration (LC50) of BPS was calculated as 50 mg/mL using Probit analysis estimating the concentration corresponding to the 50% mortality.</span><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;\"> Both cytotoxic and genotoxic assays (micronucleus and comet) showed a concentration-dependent increase in micronuclei frequency and DNA damage in earthworms with significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) between the control and BPS-treated groups. At 200 mg/mL, the greatest level of DNA damage (92.0 &plusmn; 1.41) and micronuclei frequency (113.5 &plusmn; 4.24) were observed. The findings of this study showcase the potential cyto-genotoxicity and hazardous risks due to BPS exposure and emphasize the need for its cautious use and stringent regulation regarding BPS in consumer products.</span></p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2025-JAPS-844"
}]