[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "EFFECTS OF FEEDING CALCIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS AND TWO LEVELS OF RUMEN UNDEGRADABLE PROTEIN ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING NILI-RAVI BUFFALOES",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Arafat",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Saima",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Akhtar",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Naveed-ul-Haque",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Hifzulrahman",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2026]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "36",
  "issue": "1",
  "page": "298-306",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2026.1.0025",
  "abstract": "<p>Production performance of lactating&nbsp;<em>Nili Ravi</em>&nbsp;buffalo can be improved with feeding of high rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA). Sixteen multiparous lactating&nbsp;<em>Nili Ravi</em>&nbsp;buffaloes were arranged in a 4&times;4 Latin square arrangement with (mean &plusmn; SD) 11.2&plusmn;0.76 kg/d of milk yield, 6.41&plusmn;0.23% milk fat, 583&plusmn;26 kg of body weight (BW) and 161&plusmn;24 days in milk (DIM). The dietary treatments were: (1) LPLF-low RUP low fat (2) LPHF-low RUP high fat (3) HPLF-high RUP low fat and (4) HPHF-high RUP high fat. The designed diets provided low and high levels of RUP (27.4% and 38.6%) with low (3.5%) and high fat (4.9%). The duration of each period was 21 days and milk sampling was done twice weekly. Statistical significance among treatment means was evaluated using a p-value of ˂ 0.05. Increasing the RUP and fat supplies increased periodic BW and DMI (<em>P</em>&nbsp;˂ 0.01) with no interaction effect of RUP &times; fat (<em>P</em>&nbsp;= 0.51) on BW. Milk yield was increased by 3.8% and 14.0% by increasing RUP and fat supplement respectively. The RUP &times; fat interaction indicated that increase in milk yield was 51% higher when fat was supplemented with low RUP compared with the high RUP diet (RUP &times; fat,&nbsp;<em>P</em>&nbsp;&lt; 0.01). Milk fat content was increased with the supplementation of fats by 22.0% and milk fat yield by 39.0% (<em>P</em>&nbsp;&lt; 0.01). Milk protein content and yield increased with the increasing RUP level by 10.8% and 15.7%, respectively. Milk lactose yield increased by 5.8% and 17.0% with increasing RUP and fat levels, respectively (<em>P</em>&nbsp;&lt; 0.01). Feed, nitrogen, and milk efficiencies including 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), energy corrected milk (ECM) and milk energy output were increased (<em>P</em>&nbsp;˂ 0.01) with HF and HP treatments. Plasma urea nitrogen decreased with HP diet compared with LP diet (<em>P</em>&nbsp;˂ 0.01), whereas the emission of enteric methane was decreased in HPHF group (<em>P</em>&nbsp;˂ 0.01). In conclusion, the RUP fraction of 38.6% in concentrate and 300 gram of Ca-FA per animal per day increased the production performance of lactating&nbsp;<em>Nili Ravi</em> buffalo, whereas milk fat increased with fat supplementation and milk protein increased with high RUP supplies.</p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2025-JAPS-778"
}]