[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "INDUCTION OF RESISTANCE AGAINST Fusarium equiseti IN Spinacia oleraceae BY Catharanthus roseus AND EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF STRESS-RELATED GENES",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Shafique",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Shafique",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Mubarak",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Rafique",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Irfan",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2026]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "36",
  "issue": "1",
  "page": "193-202",
  "DOI": "https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2026.1.0016",
  "abstract": "<p><em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Spinacia oleraceae L</span></em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">.&nbsp;</span>is a significant food vegetable, and it is vital to enhance its yield against the stress of many devastating pathogens such as&nbsp;<em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Fusarium&nbsp;</span></em><span lang=\"EN-GB\">spp</span>. The manipulation of plant extracts may mitigate the detrimental effects of disease-causing fungi. The antifungal activity of&nbsp;<em>Catharanthus roseus</em>&nbsp;methanolic extracts was investigated against the&nbsp;<em>Fusarium equiseti</em>&nbsp;pathogen, which causes leaf spot disease in spinach. Moreover, the elicited expression of the stress genes&nbsp;<span lang=\"EN-GB\">of&nbsp;<em>C. roseus</em></span>was also explored.&nbsp;<span lang=\"EN-GB\">Antifungal bioassays revealed that increased concentration of leaf methanolic extracts significantly suppressed pathogen development. However, leaf extract exhibited maximum inhibition (approx. 95%) in fungal biomass production. The methanolic extract of&nbsp;<em>C. roseus</em>&nbsp;utilized in pot trials for biocontrol assays offered superior plant defense against pathogens, delivering the highest level of disease protection. Subsequently, RT-PCR was performed using&nbsp;<em>ETR1</em>,&nbsp;<em>ETR2</em>, and&nbsp;<em>ESR1</em>&nbsp;coding genes to examine variations in the expression profiles of ethylene-related genes under pathogenic stress in&nbsp;<em>C. roseus</em>. The results concluded that either individual or synergistic higher expression of the&nbsp;<em>ETR2</em>&nbsp;gene may suppress the growth of the pathogen, demonstrating its efficacy in controlling the disease.</span></p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2024-JAPS-2572"
}]