[{
  "type": "article-journal",
  "title": "BREEDING BIOLOGY OF RED VENTED BULBUL (PYCNONOTUS CAFER) IN THE AREA OF RAWALPINDI/ISLAMABAD",
  "author": [
    {
      "family": "Zia",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Ansari",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Akhter",
      "given": ""
    },
    {
      "family": "Rakha",
      "given": ""
    }
  ],
  "issued": {
    "date-parts": [[2014]]
  },
  "container-title": "Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences",
  "ISSN": "1018-7081",
  "volume": "24",
  "issue": "2",
  "page": "656-659",
  "DOI": "NA",
  "abstract": "<p>Breeding biology of Red vented bulbul (<em>Pycnonotus cafer</em>) was studied in the areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. A total of 45 nests were located in the study area out of which 35 nests were found active. Majority of successful nests (43%) were in the fork of trees followed by middle of the trees (29%) and on the top (11%) of the trees. Preferred nest height (53%) by red-vented bulbul was 1-2 meters from the ground. Vegetation material used for nest building by Red-vented bulbul was Beri (<em>Zizyphus nummalaria</em>) (31%) followed by Guava (<em>Psidium guajava</em>) (22%), Sheesham (<em>Dalbergia sissoo)</em>&nbsp;(18%), Snatha (<em>Dodonea viscosa</em>) (16%) and Date palm (<em>Phoenix dactylifera</em>) (13%). Highest percentage (51%) of nests was found with clutch size three followed by clutch size two and four. Predation rate was only 6% in eggs and 9% in nestlings. Breeding success in the present study was evaluated as good which was 82% and 86% for eggs and fledglings, respectively. Loss of nesting sites due to urban expansion and pollution negatively affect the population of Red - vented bulbul.</p>",
  "publisher": "Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum",
  "URL": "https://thejaps.org.pk/AbstractView.aspx?mid=2014-JAPS-91"
}]