ASSESSMENT OF FINE PARTICULATE MATTER AND GASEOUS EMISSIONS IN URBAN AND RURAL KITCHENS USING DIFFERENT FUELS
A. Saeed, M. Abbas, F. Manzoor, Z. Ali
1* 2 3 A. Saeed, M. Abbas, F. Manzoor, Z. Ali
1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
2 Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
3 Environmental Health & Wildlife, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Published Online First:
June 01, 2015
Publication Date:
June 01, 2015
ABSTRACT
Cooking is a major source of PM in kitchens and concentrations can vary with the types of fuel in use. Moreover 2.5 location of stove, ventilation, and cooking styles also contribute to the varying levels PM . In this study, an urban and a 2.5 rural kitchen were selected for monitoring mass concentrations of PM over a period of 24 hours using a real-time 2.5 aerosol monitor. The urban kitchen used natural gas as the cooking fuel while LPG was used in the rural kitchen due to unavailability of natural gas. The average concentration of PM in the urban kitchen was recorded to be 119 µg/m3 and 2.5 160 µg/m3 in the rural kitchen. The activities of the occupants were also noted to record which activity generated the highest levels of particulate matter. Cooking was identified as the major source with cleaning activities on second number. Gaseous emissions from different types of bio fuels were also measured using a gas analyzer. CO, NO and SO 2 2 were measured in three urban and three rural kitchens. NO was found only during wood combustion and SO was not 2 2 found in any fuel. CO was measured to be 19.5 ppm and 54 ppm in the first two urban houses using natural gas respectively while it was only 6 ppm in third urban kitchen using LPG. In the rural area, CO was recorded to be 43 ppm in the kitchen using wood, 167 ppm in the kitchen using animal dung and 693 ppm in the kitchen burning both wood and animal dung. NO was 7 ppm in the kitchen burning wood and 10 ppm in kitchen where wood and animal dung was used 2 as a fuel. Natural gas and LPG were identified as cleaner fuels with lower emissions. However none of the pollutant level was in compliance with the WHO standards. 2.5 respirable particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur
Keywords:
PM , Real-time monitoring, Biomass fuels, Natural gas, Liquefied Petroleum Gas.