PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIGENOUS PATERI GOAT IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF SINDH
N. N. Mari, M. Naeem*, A.A. Behan and N. Rajput
Department of Livestock Management, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam
*Corresponding Author’s Email: mnrajput@sau.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Current study was conducted to evaluate the phenotypic features and linear measurements of Pateri goat from different regions of Sindh. Seven hundred adult Pateri goats (630 female and 70 male) were randomly selected from seven habitats of Sindh and data for skin color pattern, skin color type, body shape, hair type, hair length, horn shape, horn orientation, facial profile, ear orientation, rump profile, wattles, hooves, tail, and udder profile were recorded by visual appraisal. Results revealed that among all the regions of Sindh majority of female and male Pateri goats possessed plain white body with dark brown color patches at head, neck and leg regions of body, compact body shape, smooth and straight long hairs, spiral upward horns, straight facial profile, pendulous drooping ears, sloppy rump, dark colored hooves and straight medium tail, while females having wattles and compact udder, exceptionally few cases of female and male Pateri goat showed distinct morphometric traits. The live body weight and linear body traits including chest girth, body length, withers height, height at rump, ear length, facial length, horn length, tail length, head width, hooves length of both sexes, udder and teats of female and scrotum circumference of male Pateri goat at Shaheed Benazirabad vicinity were noted comparatively (P≤0.05) higher, followed by Matiari, Tando Muhammad Khan, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Tando Allahyar and Sanghar districts of Sindh. Similarly, significant (P≤0.05) variations were noted in the quantitative traits between both sexes (male and female) and among all the habitats of Pateri goat at Sindh.
Key words: Indigenous, Pateri, goat, phenotypic, characteristics
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2022.2.0432
Published first online August 13, 2021
INTRODUCTION
From many years, in Pakistan livestock as a subsector has surpassed the crop sector as the major competitor to worth added in the agriculture. Currently it supports 60.1% inclusively in the agriculture and 11.5% in the gross domestic production of the country during 2020-21. In the year of 2019 and 2020 the gross value addition of livestock was estimated as Rs.1,461 billion which was subsequently increased to Rs.1,505 billion in the year of 2020-21, which displayed an increase of 3.0% over the same period of last year (GOP, 2021). The significance of this sector can be comprehended from the fact that it is not only a source of foreign exchange earnings by contributing around 3.1% to the total exports, but also a vital source of 35-40% of income for over eight million rural families and providing them food security by supplementing high value protein of animal origin. All the livestock are fundamental components of agricultural system of the Pakistan and are reared in both mountainous and plain regions (GOP, 2020). The farm animals are considered as a much safe source of earnings for the small farmers and landless poor. With the rearing of all type of domestic animals in different regions of Pakistan, goats are mainly reared by poor families to meet their needs. According to the current economic survey of Pakistan 80.3 million heads of goats are populated and contribute about 991 (000 tons) in milk, 765 (000 tons) combined share with sheep in meat production and 30,946 in skins (GOP, 2021). Sindh is the second largest province of Pakistan the ideal home for the diverse indigenous goat breeds, with 17.30 million heads kept under different production systems (Mari, 2013). Phenotypically thirteen (13) diverse breeds of goat are populated in the province, among them the Pateri goat is one of the heaviest and versatile breed with distinctive phenotypic physiognomies. It is found in Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Tando Allahyar, Tando Muhammad Khan, Sanghar Shaheed Benazirabad and Matiari districts of Sindh and mostly reared under backyard, agro-pastoralist, and rangeland-based systems (Iqbal et.al.,1994; Khan et al., 2018). Morphometric classification is the first step for the documentation of qualitative and quantitative traits of the indigenous goat breeds. The phenotypic information of local goat breeds is one the main tool for mass collection, whereby individuals with better characteristic values are chosen to be parentages of the future generation (Carneiro et al., 2010). These studies are important for designing, improvement, utilization, and conservation strategies of breed at provincial and national levels. Lack of baseline characteristic data regarding populations and distinctive characteristics of breed may lead to significantly decline or loss of breed, before their values recognized, and measures taken to conserve them (FAO, 2012). Knowing morphological character and their differences among and within the goat populations is significant for effective breeding plans (Hosseini et al., 2016; Lestari et al., 2018). Despite, Sindh province has maximum goat breeds in Pakistan, little efforts have been made in a way of characterizing and determining the adaptive and productive potential of these breeds and there is limited information available regarding the morphometric measurements of these indigenous goat breeds (Moaeen et al., 2016). Hence, the intention behind this study was to carry-out the morphometric characterization of Pateri goat by using linear body measurement and physical characteristics reared at various areas of Sindh, Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Portrayal of the study area: For this study, seven (7) districts of Sindh province; Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan, Mirpurkhas, Matiari, Tando Allahyar, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad were selected based on the Pateri goat population. All these selected districts are well known dense livestock populated areas of the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Sampling Protocol: A multi-stage sampler method was chosen for data collection from Pateri goat’s farmers (Iyoke et al., 2006. The data was collected from adult male and female goats; identified on the basis of literature reviewed (Issani and Baloch, 1996) however, the goat population, neutered goats, gravid doe, offspring, male, and female kids were not included. Collectively, 700 Pateri goats (100 from each area) were recorded for evaluating the qualitative and quantitative traits. The Pateri goat breed was selected in 10:90 ratios of adult male and adult female goats according to the protocol of FAO (2012) for the observation of morphometric traits from all selected areas.
Morphometric/phenotypic characterization of Pateri goat: For the selection of qualitative and quantifiable characteristics of Pateri goat, the standard breed descriptor list was meticulously followed (FAO, 2012). Data for qualitative characteristics of male and female goats; coat/skin color pattern, skin color type, body shape, hair type, hair length, horn shape, horn orientation, head/facial profile, ear orientation, rump profile, wattles, hooves, tail, and udder profile were recorded by pictorial observation of the Pateri goats (CGRF, 2011). All the rectilinear physique dimensions of male and female Pateri goat were recorded in the morning before the animals were fed, while animals standing on a flat surface with head held up. The body length, chest girth, withers height, height at rump, ear length, head/facial length, horn length, tail length, head width, hooves length, udder size, teat length and scrotum circumferences were measured by using plastic measuring tape while body weight was recorded by using electronic weighing balance. All the goats were recognized by their sex and different locations.
Data orientation and statistical analysis: The data were analyzed by using SPSS version-20 (IBM, 2017). The qualitative data for each individual variable were analyzed by SPSS version-20 and Chi-square test was applied to evaluate the statistical implication among qualitative / categorical variables using vicinity as a fixed effect and significant difference was computed at (P< 0.05). Live body weight and linear body measurements were subjected to factorial analysis of variance by using SPSS version-20 with sex and locations as fixed effects. The Tukey's simultaneous test was used to separate significance of means. The least significant difference between and among the means was computed at 5% level of significance.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Morphometric characterization of Pateri goat: Qualitative characteristics of male and female with the ratio of 10:90 Pateri goats from individual vicinity of Sindh were analyzed and results are depicted in Table-1. Coat color influences radiant heat loss exerting its effect on body weight and other productive adaptability factors in livestock species most especially in the tropical environment (Odubote, 1994). The results regarding coat color indicated that the majority of female and male Pateri goat’s skin coat pattern was non-spotted at Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan, Matiari, Mirpur khas, Tando Allahyar, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad. Statistically non-significant (P>0.05) variation was noted in the coat color pattern of both male and female Pateri goats at various locations of Sindh. Contrary to current results Gebreyowhens and Kumar (2017) noticed spotted and pied skin color pattern with light brown, black and gray coat of Maefur goats at Abergelle and Central Highland areas. Comparatively higher percentage of Pateri goat’s skin type was observed as white with dark brown head, neck, and hooves in both female and male at Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan, Matiari, Mirpur khas, Tando Allahyar, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad. The white coloration could be an advantage in an intense radiant environment due to its reflectance property as reported by Hensen (1990) that animals with higher percentage of light color offer a better resistance to heat in environment characterized by higher solar radiation. Numerically but not statistically variation was noted in the coat color pattern of both male and female Pateri goats at various vicinities of Sindh. Similarly, Ahmed (2013) reported plain coat color pattern in goat population at Horro, Guduru and Wollega areas. Bekalu (2014) cited red and white coat color type in goat habituated at Minjarshenkora.
Maximum percentage of female and male Pateri goat’s possessed compact body shape among all regions with slight variation contrast to both sexes having leggy body mass. Nazir and Shah (2018) reported medium to large size with compact body shaped goat breeds with different morphometric characteristics existed in different parts of Pakistan. Kemp et al. (2007) documented dominant compact body shapes had some implication to distinguish in Maefur indigenous goat from other indigenous goat breeds. In both sex female and male Pateri goats characterized with smooth and straight hairs with high to medium length, only few cases were observed with small and curly hairs among all the regions of Sindh. In contrast to present results Tilahun et al. (2019) noted majority of goat population had smooth hair coat type in Berehet, Basona-worena, and Minjarshenkora districts with small proportion of curly rough, glossy, and dull haired goat types. Contrarily, Getahun et al. (2020) cited goats with medium sized hair length and small portion of goats had long hair across the study area. Solomon (2009) reported smooth hairs with good size in Afar goats with pockmarked skin color.
Presence of horns in indigenous goats is an important self-defensive mechanism. Also, the presence of horn is an adaptive feature to fight predation especially in the tropical zones where production is characterized by extensive system (Carneiro, et al., 2010). Statistical varied (P≤0.05) and higher percent of female and male Pateri goats characterized with spiral horns, moderate number with spiral pooled horns with upward direction. and few cases were noticed with curved and pooled horns with backward orientation in both sexes among all vicinities. The presence of horns is an indication of their ability to defend themselves and survive the harsh environments in which they are reared. In accordance with current results Solomon (2009) noted straight and spiral horns in female occasionally polled in male Afar goats at Ethiopia. Alubel (2015) documented majority of Abergelle, and Central Highland goats were horned with curved, spiral, and straight horn shapes and backward, upward, and polled orientation. Hulunim (2014) reported straight horns in Bati indigenous goats. Under the facial profile head and face of female and male Pateri goats at different regions of Sindh has been shown straight contrast to few cases of concave face profile in both female and male. Nazir and Shah (2018) recorded that facial shapes were curved in Damani and Surguli goats’ contrast to Gaddi and Kaghani goats having instant profile. Totally straight edged ears are observed in Damani goat, while straight to round shape ears were seen in Surguli, Gaddi and Kaghani breeds of goat. Tilahun et al., (2019) reported straight head profile goat population in Ethiopia. All the female and male Pateri goats characterized with large and pendulous ears and not a single goat either male or female had ears with erect orientation among all the vicinities. Alike, Tsegaye et al., (2013) stated that Hararghe goats habited in Ethopia region of the world have elongated and drooping ears along with instant facial shape. Alubel (2015) documented 98.16% of Abergelle goats had horizontal ear direction. Contrary to current results Tilahun et al., (2019) noticed horizontal, erect, pendulous, and semi-pendulous ear orientation in the goat population. In majority of cases predominant rump profile with sloppy back was noticed in female and male Pateri goats at all areas, only few cases of flat rump profile in both female and male was observed at the study areas. In line with current study Tilahun et al., (2019) recorded largest back rump profiles with straight, slopes up towards the rump and curved back rump profile. In majority of cases rump profiles were covered and sloping with little flat. Getahun et al., (2020) characterized majority of goats with sloping rump while small portion of goats have flat rump presentation.
Numerous benefits are associated with the presence of wattles in goats reared under hot and humid environments. Prominent among these are the thermoregulatory functions of wattle and its association with reproduction such as higher prolificacy, milk yield, litter size, fertility index and conception rate (Yakubu et al., 2010). All the female Pateri goats characterized with wattles among all regions while wattles were not characterized in male Pateri goats at the selected study areas. In agreement, Traore et al., (2008) reported majority of female and few male goats in Burkina Faso state having wattles. Hagan et al., (2012) also reported indigenous goats breeds with wattles at their study area. On the contrary, Tsegaye et al., (2013) cited that majority of indigenous goats of Ethiopia were characterized without wattles. The hooves of female and male Pateri goats were noticed as brown in color at all the vicinities. Nazir and Shah (2018) reported that the indigenous goat breeds of Pakistan had good body conformation, coat/skin color and dark color hooves. Tsegaye et al. (2013) informed that in the phenotypic characterization like skin color, compact mass and dark hooves of goat having significant influence on marketing value. Significant (P≤0.05) variation was noticed in the tail orientation for both sexes of Pateri goat. The predominant straight tail direction was seen in female and male Pateri goats, only few cases of both female and male were having curved tail at all study areas of Sindh. Khan and Okeyo (2016) documented that different goat breeds habited in Pakistan were judged as black and white spotted in color and having straight tail orientation in both male and female goats. Tsegaye et al., (2013) recorded frequent sloppy back, straight tail and presence of wattle in both male and female populations.
Udder and teat characteristics are important determinants of milk yield and ease of milking or milking ability in dairy animals (Upadhyay et al., 2014). In majority of cases predominant compact udder was noted in female Pateri goats at Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan, Matiari, Mirpur khas, Tando Allahyar, Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad, while only few goats were seen with loose udder among all the regions of Sindh. Similarly, Monau et al., (2018) reported that the Tswana female goats were characterized with compact udder. In support Vlad et al., (2014) evaluated the morphometric distinctiveness of Saanen breed of goat in the South region of Romania and reported compact udder in female goats.
Quantitative traits of Pateri goat: The body weight and linear body dimensions of Pateri goat are presented in Table-2A and Table-2B. The mean live body weight of Pateri male and female goat was statistically (P≤0.05) different and recorded comparatively (P≤0.05) higher at Shaheed Benazirabad in contrast to Matiari, Tando Muhammad Khan, Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar, Mirpurkhas and Sanghar. In line with current results Gebreyowhens and Kumar (2017) recorded higher body weight in male compared to female Maefur goat at Tigre district of Ethiopia; Hassen et al., (2012) reported that the native Gumuz, Agew, Begia-Medir, Bati and Abergelle male goats characterized with heavy and compact body than female goats in different areas of Ethiopia. Similarly, Pesmen and Yardimci (2008) reported that the males were found heavier than the Saanen female. The existence of morphological variations within and between goat population might be due to the variation of ecological zones accompanying unique climate and vegetation which leads to management and environmental influences (Hagan et al., 2012).
Significant (P≤0.05) variations were recorded in the average linear measurements; chest girth, body length, height at withers, height at rump, ear, facial, horn and tail length, head width and hooves length among male and female Pateri goat at different habitats. The heart girth, length, withers height, and development of rump are the symbols of body size and maturity in goats. Among these major linear body measurements, heart girth is widely used to categorize the corporeal traits of goat (Solomon, 2009). In current study chest girth, body length, height at withers, height at rump, ear, facial, horn and tail lengths, head width and hooves length in male and female Pateri goat noticed reasonably (P≤0.05) higher at Shaheed Benazirabad in male as compared to female followed by Matiari, Tando Muhammad Khan, Hyderabad, Tando Allahyar and Sanghar vicinity of Sindh. In accordance with present findings Gebreyowhens and Kumar (2017) reported higher heart girth in male compared to female Maefur goat; Alubel et al., (2015) recorded 68.67 and 64.44cm girth in male and female, while Afar goat had 67.4cm heart girth, categorized as little native goat in Ethiopia (Solomon, 2009). Significant (P≤0.05) variations were reported by researchers in body length, height at wither, height at rump, ear, facial, horn and tail length, head width and hooves length between male and female goat at different regions of world. (Gebreyowhens and Kumar, 2017; Getahun et al., 2020; Bekalu, 2014). In current investigation chest girth of both male and female Pateri goat was the most excellent indicating variable, which varied significantly among the regions than any other linear body traits, in agreement with current results different researchers have confirmed that chest girth is first and vital tool for calculation of weight of live animals, and second by body length of the goat (Hassen et al., 2012; Mahilet, 2012; Ahmed, 2013; Biruh, 2013; Hulunim, 2014).
Udder and teat lengths of female and scrotum circumference of male Pateri goat were recorded statistically (P≤0.05) higher at Matiari and Shaheed Benazirabad than Tando Allahyar, Mirpurkhas, Tando Muhammad Khan, Hyderabad and Sanghar districts of Sindh. Udder conformation and size of teats significantly different among goat breeds and influenced on total milk yield as reported by Gebreyowhens and Kumar (2017). The differences for these traits could be attributable to the differences in availability of feed, natural grazing field, and the management conditions in which the goats were reared (Cam et al., 2010).
Acknowledgments: This study was conducted under competitive grant system of PARC and funded by USAID under Agricultural Innovation Program (AIP) CIMMYT.
Table-1 Phenotypic characteristics of Pateri goats in various regions of Sindh, Pakistan
|
Phenotypic characteristics
|
Regions of Sindh Province
|
|
Hyd.
N (%)
|
TMK
N (%)
|
Matiari
N (%)
|
MPK
N (%)
|
TAYR
N (%)
|
Sanghar
N (%)
|
Sh.BA
N (%)
|
Skin color Pattern
|
Female
|
Spotted
|
18(20)
|
12(13)
|
19(21)
|
15(17)
|
11(12)
|
9(10)
|
13 (15)
|
Non spotted
|
72(80)
|
78(87)
|
71(79)
|
75(83)
|
79(88)
|
81(90)
|
77(85)
|
Male
|
Spotted
|
2(20)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
3(30)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
2 (20)
|
Non spotted
|
8(80)
|
8(80)
|
8(90)
|
7(70)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
8 (80)
|
|
χ2value = 15.54 NS P value (0.05) = 0.9039
|
Skin color type
|
Female
|
Light brown
|
12(13)
|
8(9)
|
15(17)
|
7(8)
|
13(15)
|
21(23)
|
9(10)
|
White dark brown
|
78(87)
|
82(81)
|
75(83)
|
83(82)
|
77(85)
|
69(77)
|
81(90)
|
Male
|
Light brown
|
3(30)
|
1(10)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
3(30)
|
4(40)
|
1(10)
|
White dark brown
|
7(70)
|
9(90)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
7(70)
|
6(60)
|
9(90)
|
|
χ2value = 25.24 NS P value (0.05) = 0.3928
|
Body shape
|
Female
|
Compact
|
78(87)
|
83(92)
|
79(88)
|
87(97)
|
84(93)
|
77(85)
|
85(95)
|
Lanky /Leggy
|
12(13)
|
7(8)
|
11(12)
|
3(3)
|
6(7)
|
13(15)
|
5(5)
|
Male
|
Compact
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
6(60)
|
9(90)
|
7(70)
|
8(80)
|
7(70)
|
Lanky /Leggy
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
4(40)
|
1(10)
|
3(30)
|
2(20)
|
3(30)
|
|
χ2value = 22.94 NS P value (0.05) = 0.5233
|
Hair type
|
Female
|
Straight/Smooth
|
88(98)
|
89(99)
|
90(100)
|
87(97)
|
86(96)
|
84(83)
|
87(97)
|
Curly/Coarse
|
2(2)
|
1(1)
|
0(0)
|
3(3)
|
4(4)
|
6(7)
|
3(3)
|
Male
|
Straight/Smooth
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
7(70)
|
10(100)
|
Curly/Coarse
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
3(30)
|
0(0)
|
|
χ2value = 24.41 NS P value (0.05) = 0.4382
|
Hair length
|
Female
|
Small
|
3(3)
|
2(2)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
1(1)
|
0(0)
|
3(3)
|
Medium
|
10(11)
|
6(7)
|
3(3)
|
1(1)
|
11(12)
|
0(0)
|
4(4)
|
Large
|
77(86)
|
82(91)
|
87(97)
|
89(99)
|
78(87)
|
90(100)
|
83(93)
|
Male
|
Small
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
Medium
|
2(20)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
2(20)
|
Large
|
7(70)
|
8(80)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
9(80)
|
8(80)
|
|
χ2value = 46.45 NS P value (0.05) = 0.1138
|
Horn shape
|
Female
|
Spiral
|
68(76)
|
85(85)
|
78(87)
|
88(98)
|
50(56)
|
78(87)
|
69(77)
|
Curved
|
6(7)
|
4(4)
|
7(8)
|
0(0)
|
10(11)
|
7(8)
|
11(12)
|
Pooled
|
3(3)
|
0(0)
|
2(2)
|
0(0)
|
5(6)
|
2(2)
|
3(3)
|
Spiral pooled
|
13(14)
|
1(1)
|
3(3)
|
2(2)
|
25(28)
|
3(3)
|
7(8)
|
Male
|
Spiral
|
6(60)
|
8(80)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
6(60)
|
7(70)
|
5(50)
|
Curved
|
0(0)
|
2(20)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
3(30)
|
3(30)
|
2(20)
|
Pooled
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
Spiral pooled
|
3(30)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
2(20)
|
|
χ2value = 134.76* P value (0.05) = 0.0000
|
Horn orientation
|
Female
|
Female Upward
|
88(98)
|
89(99)
|
90(100)
|
87(97)
|
90(100)
|
89(99)
|
87(97)
|
Female Backward
|
2(2)
|
1(1)
|
0(0)
|
3(3)
|
0(0)
|
1(1)
|
3(3)
|
Male
|
Male Upward
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
8(80)
|
10(100)
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
9(90)
|
Male Backward
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
2(20)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
|
χ2value = 18.80 NS P value (0.05) = 0.7628
|
|
Phenotypic characteristics
|
Regions of Sindh Province
|
|
|
Hyd.
N (%)
|
TMK
N (%)
|
Matiari
N (%)
|
MPK
N (%)
|
TAYR
N (%)
|
Sanghar
N (%)
|
Sh.BA
N (%)
|
|
Head/facial profile
|
Female
|
Straight
|
87(97)
|
89(99)
|
90(100)
|
88(98)
|
86(96)
|
85(95)
|
89(99)
|
|
Concave
|
3(3)
|
1(1)
|
0(0)
|
2(2)
|
4(4)
|
5(5)
|
1(1)
|
|
Male
|
Straight
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
8(80)
|
10(100)
|
|
Concave
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
2(20)
|
0(0)
|
|
|
χ2value = 24.37 NS P value (0.05) = 0.4408
|
|
Ear orientation
|
Female
|
Erect
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
|
Pendulous
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
|
Male
|
Erect
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
|
Pendulous
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
|
|
χ2value = 6.74 NS P value (0.05) = 0.8746
|
|
Rump profile
|
Female
|
Flat
|
3(3)
|
4(4)
|
1(1)
|
0(0)
|
2(2)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
|
Sloping
|
87(97)
|
86(96)
|
89(99)
|
90(100)
|
88(98)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
|
Male
|
Flat
|
1(10)
|
2(20)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
1(10)
|
0(0)
|
|
Sloping
|
9(90)
|
8(80)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
9(90)
|
10(100)
|
|
|
χ2value = 24.94 NS P value (0.05) = 0.4089
|
|
Wattles
|
Female
|
with wattles
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
|
without wattles
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
|
Male
|
with wattles
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
|
without wattles
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
|
|
χ2value = 6.74 NS P value (0.05) = 0.8746
|
|
Hooves
|
Female
|
Dark Brown
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
90(100)
|
|
Male
|
Dark Brown
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
10(100)
|
|
|
χ2value = 6.74 NS P value (0.05) = 0.8746
|
|
Tail
|
Female
|
Straight
|
78(87)
|
81(90)
|
76(85)
|
87(97)
|
79(88)
|
88(98)
|
90(100)
|
|
Curved
|
12(13)
|
9(10)
|
14(15)
|
3(3)
|
11(12)
|
2(2)
|
0(0)
|
|
Male
|
Straight
|
7(70)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
8(80)
|
7(70)
|
8(80)
|
9(90)
|
|
Curved
|
3(30)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
2(20)
|
3(30)
|
2(20)
|
1(10)
|
|
|
χ2value = 39.26* P value (0.05) = 0.0256
|
|
Udder
|
Female
|
Compact
|
87(97)
|
84(93)
|
88(98)
|
82(91)
|
85(95)
|
83(92)
|
89(99)
|
|
Loose
|
3(3)
|
6(7)
|
2(2)
|
8(9)
|
5(5)
|
7(8)
|
1(1)
|
|
|
χ2value = 16.25NS P value (0.05) = 0.1802
|
|
N = Number of goats exhibiting a particular qualitative character; % = Percent, χ2 = Pearson chi-square; *significant difference (P < 0.05); NS = Non-significant difference. Hyd. = Hyderabad, TMK = Tando Muhammad Khan, MPK = Mirpurkhas, TAYR = Tando Allahyar, Sh.BA = Shaheed Benazirabad
Table-2-A: Quantitative traits of Pateri goat at different regions of Sindh, Pakistan.
Regions
|
Sex
|
Quantitative traits of Pateri goat
|
Body weight (Kg)
|
Chest girth (Cm)
|
Body Length (Cm)
|
Height at withers (Cm)
|
Height at rump (Cm)
|
Ear length (Cm)
|
Facial length (Cm)
|
Hyderabad
|
Female
|
29.50j
|
72.50i
|
61.50h
|
47.67fg
|
55.83g
|
17.83g
|
9.00fg
|
Male
|
38.83d
|
79.83c
|
72.66c
|
52.83bc
|
63.16d
|
22.33bc
|
11.83c
|
Tando Muhammad
Khan
|
Female
|
31.50hi
|
74.50gh
|
63.50fg
|
48.00ef
|
56.50g
|
18.33g
|
10.33de
|
Male
|
40.50c
|
81.50b
|
74.16b
|
53.66b
|
65.83b
|
22.33bc
|
13.50b
|
Matiari
|
Female
|
33.50g
|
76.50ef
|
65.50e
|
48.83e
|
59.16f
|
21.50cd
|
11.50c
|
Male
|
42.67b
|
83.83a
|
76.50a
|
55.50a
|
68.83a
|
24.83a
|
15.83a
|
Mirpurkhas
|
Female
|
30.83i
|
73.83h
|
62.83g
|
46.83g
|
52.33h
|
18.66fg
|
9.50ef
|
Male
|
37.83de
|
78.83cd
|
72.16c
|
52.50c
|
63.16d
|
23.00b
|
13.66b
|
Tando Allahyar
|
Female
|
32.50gh
|
75.50fg
|
64.50ef
|
48.83e
|
49.66i
|
49.66g
|
10.50d
|
Male
|
38.66d
|
79.66c
|
72.50c
|
51.83cd
|
64.50d
|
23.00b
|
14.16b
|
Sanghar
|
Female
|
31.66hi
|
74.66gh
|
63.66fg
|
48.33ef
|
49.16i
|
16.16h
|
8.50g
|
Male
|
37.16e
|
78.16d
|
72.17c
|
52.16cd
|
62.00e
|
19.66ef
|
11.16cd
|
Shaheed Benazirabad
|
Female
|
35.83f
|
76.83e
|
70.83d
|
51.33d
|
53.16h
|
20.50de
|
11.66c
|
Male
|
44.00a
|
85.00a
|
76.00a
|
56.50a
|
65.66b
|
24.16a
|
13.83b
|
P value (<0.05) =
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
LSD (0.05) =
|
1.1322
|
1.1815
|
1.1132
|
1.1421
|
1.1421
|
1.0132
|
0.9120
|
SE± =
|
0.5669
|
0.5916
|
0.5574
|
0.5719
|
0.5719
|
0.5073
|
0.4567
|
Superscripts with different letters in same column varied significantly from one another.
Table-2B: Quantitative traits of Pateri goat at different regions of Sindh, Pakistan.
Regions
|
Sex
|
Quantitative traits of Pateri goat (cm)
|
Horn length
|
Tail length
|
Head width
|
Hooves length
|
Udder
|
Teats
|
Scrotum
|
Hyderabad
|
Female
|
12.58i
|
11.05fg
|
8.46g
|
2.31h
|
10.51c
|
4.76d
|
-
|
Male
|
17.55b
|
12.65b
|
8.95f
|
2.81ef
|
-
|
-
|
6.91d
|
Tando Muhammad
Khan
|
Female
|
12.58i
|
10.68gh
|
9.03f
|
2.55g
|
11.66b
|
5.80b
|
-
|
Male
|
17.40b
|
12.46bc
|
10.63c
|
2.98d
|
-
|
-
|
7.66bc
|
Matiari
|
Female
|
14.87e
|
12.58b
|
10.33d
|
2.95de
|
14.00a
|
6.86a
|
-
|
Male
|
18.68a
|
13.63a
|
12.06a
|
3.72a
|
-
|
-
|
8.73a
|
Mirpurkhas
|
Female
|
14.05fg
|
10.52h
|
9.93e
|
2.77f
|
12.00b
|
5.68b
|
-
|
Male
|
17.56b
|
12.18cd
|
11.75b
|
3.18c
|
-
|
-
|
7.55c
|
Tando Allahyar
|
Female
|
13.83g
|
10.82f-h
|
8.88f
|
2.75f
|
12.16b
|
5.03c
|
-
|
Male
|
17.40b
|
12.03d
|
11.60f
|
3.15c
|
-
|
-
|
7.78b
|
Sanghar
|
Female
|
13.01h
|
9.93i
|
8.40g
|
2.52g
|
10.50c
|
4.81d
|
-
|
Male
|
16.46d
|
11.13f
|
10.00e
|
3.13c
|
-
|
-
|
6.80d
|
Shaheed Benazirabad
|
Female
|
14.20f
|
11.52e
|
10.00e
|
2.85d-f
|
13.50a
|
6.81a
|
-
|
Male
|
17.16c
|
12.82b
|
12.13a
|
3.43b
|
-
|
-
|
8.93a
|
P value (≤0.05) =
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
LSD (0.05) =
|
0.2249
|
0.3797
|
1.1421
|
0.1777
|
0.7516
|
0.1378
|
0.2164
|
SE± =
|
0.1126
|
0.1901
|
0.5719
|
0.0890
|
0.3680
|
0.0675
|
0.1060
|
Superscripts with different letters in same column varied significantly from one another.
Fig: 1: Pateri female and male goat:
REFERENCES
- Ahmed, S. (2013). On-farm phenotypic and production system characterization of indigenous goats in Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia M.Sc. thesis Haramaya, University. 112 p.
- Alubel, A. (2015). On-farm phenotypic characterization and performance evaluation of Abergelle and Central Highland goat breeds as an input for designing community-based breeding program MSc. thesis Haramaya University. 147 p.
- Bekalu, M., (2014). Phenotypic characterization of indigenous goat types and their production system in West Gojam Zone of Amhara region, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis submitted to Haramaya University. 109 p.
- Biruh, T. (2013). Phenotypic and production system characterization of Woyto Guji Goatsin Lowland areas of South Omo Zone. An MSc thesis submitted to School of Animal and Range Science, School of Graduate Studies Haramaya University. 89 p.
- Cam, M.A, M. Olfaz and E. Soydan (2010). Possibilities of using morphometric characteristics as a tool for body weight prediction in Turkish hair goats (Kilkeci). Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 5 (1): 52-59.
- Carneiro, H., H. Louvandini, S.R. Paiva, F. Macedo, B. Mernies and C. Mc. Manus (2010). Morphological characterization of sheep breeds in Brazil. Uruguay and Colombia, Small Rum. Res. 94: 58-65.
- CGRF (2011). Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. (2011). Generic data collection format for phenotypic, characterization of sheep and goats. p 59-62
- FAO, (2012). Food and Agricultural Organization. Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO. Animal Pro. and H. Guidelines No.11. Rome.
- Gebreyowhens, W. and R. Kumar (2017). Phenotypic characterization of indigenous Maefur goat population in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Intern. J. Biodiv. and Conserv. 9(5): 130-145.
- Getahun, S., S. Ahmed, and W. Zemene (2020). Morphometric characterization of indigenous goats in east Gojjam zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. in Life Sci. and Technol. 29: 1-12.
- GOP, (2020). Pakistan Economic Survey. Economic Advisers' Wing Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
- GOP, (2021). Pakistan Economic Survey. Economic Advisers' Wing Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
- Hagan, J.K., S.O. Apori, M. Bosompem, G. Ankobea and A. Mawuli (2012). Morphological Characteristics of Indigenous Goats in the Coastal Savannah and Forest Eco-Zones of Ghana J. Anim. Sci. Adv. 2(10): 813-821.
- Hassen, H., B. Michael, R. Barbara and T. Markos (2012). Phenotypic characterization of Ethiopian indigenous goat populations. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Syria. African. J. Biotechnol. 11(73): 13838-13846.
- Hensen, P.J. (1990). Effect of coat color on physiological responses to solar radiation in Hosteins. Rec. 127. 333 p.
- Hosseini, M., H. M. Shahrbabak, M. B. Zandi, and M. H. Fallahi. (2016). A Morphometric survey among three Iranian Horse breeds with multivariate analysis. Pet. 39: 155–160. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2016.39.3.15
- Hulunim, G. (2014). On-Farm Phenotypic Characterization and Performance Evaluation of Bati, Borena and Short Eared Somali Goat Populations of Ethiopia. MSc. thesis, submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University, Ethiopia. 140 p.
- IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. Retrieved from https://hadoop.apache.org
- Iqbal, S.S., B. Elina and B. Robyn (1994). Book of Animal Husbandry. Ist (Ed:). National Book Foundation Islamabad. 67-68 p.
- Issani, G.B. and N. Baloch. (1996). Book of Animal Husbandry. Ist (Ed:). National Book Foundation Islamabad. 67-68 p.
- Iyoke, C. A., Onah, H. E., and Onwasigwe, C. N. (2006). Teachers\'Attitude is not an impediment to Adolescent Sexuality Education in Enugu, Nigeria. Afri. J. Rep. Health. 10 (1): 81-90.
- Kemp, S., Y. Mamo, B. Asrat and T. Dessie (2007). Domestic animal genetic resources information system (DAGRIS). International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org.
- Khan M, G. Bilal, M. Moaeen-ud-Din and J. Reecy (2018). Status of goat farming in Sindh with special reference to feeding, breeding and health care. J. Anim. Sci. 96(3): 257-258. doi:10.1093/jas/sky404.564.
- Khan M.S. and A.M. Okeyo (2016). Judging and selection in Beetal goats. GEF-UNEP-ILRI FAnGR Asia Project, University of Agriculture Faisalabad (Pakistan). 1-32 p.
- Lestari, D. A., E. Purbowati, S. Sutopo, and E. Kurnianto. 2018. Phylogenetical relationships between Kejobong goat and other goats based on Mt-DNA D-loop sequence analysis. Anim. Sci. J. 41:85-93. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.2.85
- Mahilet, D (2012). Live characterization of Hararghe highland goat and their production system in eastern Hararghe. M.Sc. thesis presented to School of Graduate Study of Haramaya University.
- Mari, F.M. (2013). Status and constraints of livestock production in Sindh province of Pakistan, I J of Adv. Rural Manag.1(1): 1-10.
- Moaeen-ud-Din, M., G. Bilal, J. Reecy, M.S. Khan, and S. Razzaq (2016). Morphometric measurements and body weight affected by breed, age, and sex in the Sindh goat breed populations of Pakistan, J. Anim. Sci. 94 (5) p 838, https://doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-1720
- Monau, P.I., C. Visser, S.J. Nsoso and E. Marle-Koster (2018). Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous Tswana goats. South African. J. Anim. Sci., 48(5): 925-934.
- Nazir, and S.H. Shah (2018). Morphological characterization of indigenous goats breeds of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Sarhad. J. Agri. 34(2): 258-267.
- Odubote, K. (1994). Influence of qualitative traits on the performance of West African Dwarf goats. Nigeria J. Anim. Prod. 21:25-28.
- Pesmen, G. and M. Yardimci (2008). Estimating the live weight using somebody measurements in Saanen goats. Arch. Zootechnica 11(4): 30-40.
- Solomon, G. (2009). Goat breeds of Ethiopia: Technical Bulleting No.27. A guide for identification and utilization. Editors: Alemu Y., Kassahun, T.A. Gipson and R.C. Merkel. Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP).
- Tilahun H., A. Haile and A. Seid (2019). Phenotypic characterization of indigenous goats in north Shewazone, Amhara region, Ethiopia. International. J. Res. Stud. in Agr. Sci., 5(7): 44-55.
- Traore, A., H.H. Tamboura, A. Kabere, L.J. Royo, I. Farnandez, I. Alvarez, M. Sangare, D. Bouchel, J.P. Poivey, D. Francois, L. Sawadogo and F. Goyache (2008). Multivariate analyses on morphological traits of goats in Burkina Faso. Arche. Tierz. Dummerstorf., (51): 588-600.
- Tsegaye, D., B. Belay and A. Haile (2013). Morphological Characterization of Indigenous Hararghe Highland Goat Breed in Their Native Environment, West Hararghe, Ethiopia American-Eurasian. J. Scient. Res., (8): 72-79.
- Upadhyay, D., B. H. M. Patel, S. Kerketta, S. Kaswan, S. Sahu, B. Bhushan and T. Dutt (2014). Study on udder morphology and its relationship with production parameters in local goats of Rohilkhand region of India. Indian J. Anim. Res. 48: 615–619. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-0555.2014.00042.9
- Vlad, I., M. Maftei, D. Ianiţki, M. Stanciu and A. Fiţa (2014). Morpho-productive characteristics of Saanen goats in the south of Romania. Animal. Sci. and Biotechnol. 47(1): 300-305.
- Yakubu, A., A.E. Salako, I.G. Imumorin, A.O. Ige and M.O. Akinyemi (2010). Discriminant analysis of morphometric differentiation in the West African Dwarf and Red Sokoto goats. South Afri. J Anim. Sci. 40 (4): 381-387.
|