CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ACARICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF JATROPHA CURCAS L. EXTRACT AGAINST ORIENTAL RED MITE, EUTETRANYCHUS ORIENTALIS (KLEIN) (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
H. Alahyane1, 2,*, R. Ait Babahmad2,4, H. Aboussaid1,2, , Y. Atibi3, A. Aimrane1, K. Oufdou2 and S. El Messoussi1
1Laboratory of Molecular and Ecophysiology Modelling, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, BP 2390, 40000 Morocco.
2Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnologies, Agrosciences and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, BP 2390, 40000 Morocco.
3Laboratory of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, BP 2390, 40000 Morocco.
4MARK Herbarium, Department of Biology; Faculty Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech, BP 2390, 40000 Morocco
*Corresponding author’s e-mail address: alahyanerh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate the acaricidal activities of the ethanolic extract of Jatropha curcas L. leaves (Family: Euphorbiaceae) against adult females of oriental red mite, Eutetranychus orientalis. The leaf dip technique and direct application were adopted to assess the toxicity, fertility, repellency and ovicidal effects of different doses (0.1–10 mg/mL) of the ethanolic extracts of J. curcas L. leaves. We found that this extract increased mortality and reduced fecundity in a dose-dependent manner. Leaf discs treated with increasing doses (0.05, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/mL) of the extract also showed a high percentage of repellency (94.12%) while treated eggs with these increasing doses showed a remarkable increase in the eggs’ mortality 7 days after treatment, i.e., 72.00% at 5 mg/mL. We confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites and showed an abundance of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavonols and tannins with different concentrations.
Keywords:Jatropha curcas L. extract, Eutetranychus orientalis, repellency, ovicidal effect, secondary metabolites.
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.5.0133
Published online June 25, 2020
INTRODUCTION
Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein), oriental red mite, is an important pest of a wide range of medicinal, ornamental and agriculture plants (Rasmy, 1978). This species has a wide distribution, so it can be found in the Middle East, Asia and Africa (Walter et al., 1995). Moreover, E. orientalis belongs to the quarantine list of the “European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO)”. In Morocco, E. orientalis was detected for the first time in the Marrakech region in 2008 on citrus orchards, and then it spread to all regions known for citrus production (Abbassi, 2011). Since then, this mite has caused catastrophic damage to plants by piercing the upper surface of leaf cells and sucking out the sap. On the surface of damaged leaves, yellowish-white spots appear (indicating destroyed chlorophyll). Afterward, the leaf turns yellow when the infestation increases. In severe infestations, the branches die back and the leaves fall which may induce tree defoliation.
Controlling E. orientalis in Morocco has been almost exclusively focused on synthetic acaricides as they are easy to apply and act rapidly. However, due to the continuous use of pesticides, many mites have developed resistance to most available acaricides (Imani et al., 2009). Moreover, the use of these acaricides has harmful effects on human health and the environment (Akyazi et al., 2015). Hence, there is an increasing necessity to discover natural products (e.g.: botanical acaricides) that can replace synthetic acaricides and control this mite.
Many plant extracts have shown a great acaricidal, ovicidal and repellency effects against arthropods (da Camara et al., 2015). In fact, these effects beings so important several studies have been conducted to assess the efficiency of a wide range of plants extracts including the extracts of Prunus laurocerasus L. (Rosaceae) (Akyazi et al., 2015), Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Origanum compactum Benth and Thymus capitatus (L.) (Lamiaceae) (Salman et al., 2013; Aissaoui et al., 2018), Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) (Amira et al., 2011), Calotropis procera (Ait) (Apocynaceae), Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) (Islam et al., 2008) and Leucaena glauca (Benth) (Auamcharoen and Chandrapatya, 2015). The observed effects are mainly due to the secondary metabolites contained in the plants, supposed to protect them against pests and pathogens.
Among the evaluated plant extracts, Jatropha curcas L. is a species that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family originating from Central America. The plant is used in traditional medicine to cure many diseases like dermatological infections (Papazoglou, 2014), parasite infections (Van der Vossen and Mkamilo, 2007) and cancer (Sabandar et al., 2013). The J. curcas extract has also shown an antimicrobial (Sharma et al., 2016; Ait Babahmad et al., 2018), and insecticidal properties (Ingle et al., 2017).
Some previous studies reported the acaricidal activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of J. curcas leaves (Juliet et al., 2012; Syahputraa and Endartob, 2013; Ahuchaogu et al., 2014). The acaricidal activity of the methanol extract of J. curcas leaves against the two-spotted spider, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) was also investigated (Abu-Shosha and Azzaz, 2015). These reveal the possibility of the existence of more potential effects of this extract on other devastating mites’ species. To our knowledge, no research about the effect of J. curcas extracts on E. orientalis has been conducted. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal, fertility, repellency and ovicidal effects of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas against adult females and eggs of E. orientalis under laboratory conditions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Material: Jatropha curcas L. leaves were collected from Had Dra region in Essaouira city, Morocco [31 34’39.56” N, 09 32’19.45” W] in November 2016. A specimen of the plant was taxonomically identified by Prof. Ahmed OUHAMMOU (Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco). The voucher specimen (Mark 10027) of J. curcas was deposited at Regional Herbarium MARK of the Faculty of Science Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech (Morocco). The plant leaves were dried at 30–40°C for 5 days in an oven.
Preparation of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves: The dry leaves of J. curcas were powdered using a mortar and screened through a muslin screen. A dried powder (40 g) was taken and soaked in ethanol (solvent was added at a rate of 1 mg/5 mL solvent). The mixtures were mechanically shaken for 48 h under laboratory conditions. The extract was filtered and then evaporated until dryness by using a rotary evaporator under vacuum at 40–50°C. The crude material obtained was weighed and dissolved in the ethanol solvent at the ratio 1 g/10 mL solvent. Finally, the obtained extract was stored in a freezer until evaluation and HPLC analysis. The concentrated sample was subjected to the HPLC analysis after dilution.
Rearing of E. orientalis: E. orientalis was collected from citrus orchards of Agafay (Agafay, Marrakech, Morocco). Collected mites were reared continuously on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C and 65 ± 5% RH, and with a 16: 8 h (L:D) photoperiod.
Determination of total polyphenols content: The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method (Singleton et al., 1965) was followed to determinate the total phenolic content. 0.1 mL of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves was added to 3.9 mL of ethanol followed by 0.1 mL of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the resulted solution was agitated. The agitated solution was then incubated for 3 min then 1 mL of 20% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) was added. The mixture was also agitated with a vortex and incubated at room temperature in darkness for one hour. At 725 nm using a spectrophotometer, the absorbance of our solution and the blank was measured. Results were expressed as mg gallic acid equivalents per kg of the dry matter (DM). All assays were carried three times.
Determination of total flavonoids: The method Aluminium Trichloride (AlCl3) (Zhishen et al., 1999) was followed to determine flavonoids content by using catechin as a reference compound. 0.2 mL of ethanolic extract of J. curcas was mixed with 0.5 mL of distilled water and then added 60 μL of a 5% NaNO2 solution. The resulted solution was incubated for 6 min. Afterward, we added to this solution 40 μL of aluminum trichloride (10%) and then the mixture was left 5 min for incubation. Finally, 400 μL of NaOH (1 M) and 500 μL of distilled water were added to the reaction medium. The obtained solution was agitated with vortex and then left 15 min for incubation. The absorbance of the solution was read using a spectrophotometer at 510 nm. The total flavonoids content of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was expressed as mg of catechin equivalent per kg of the dry matter.
Total condensed tannin contents: The vanillin in acid medium method (Xu and Chang, 2007) was followed to estimate the total condensed tannins. 200 μL of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was versed in two-test tubes, the first for the witness test and the second for the sample. Afterward, we added 1 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 2 mL of vanillin solution (4% in ethanol) and the obtained mixture was left 15 min for incubation. The absorbance of this mixture was determined at 500 nm using a spectrophotometer. The results were expressed as mg of catechin equivalent per kg of the dry matter.
Flavanols concentration: The derivatization with p-(dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method (Nigel and Glories, 1991) was followed to determinate flavanols content. 0.2 mL of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was introduced to assay tubes and then 0.5 mL DMACA solution (0.2% in ethanol) and 0.5 mL of HCl (0.24 N in ethanol) were added. Afterward, the mixture was incubated 5 min at room temperature; the absorbance was read at 640 nm. The witness was realized by using ethanol instead of the sample. From the absorbance data, a calibration curve was plotted and using catechin as standard, the total flavanols content was calculated. The results are expressed as mg of catechin equivalents per Kg of the dry matter.
Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): The chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds in leaves of J. curcas was approved using an HPLC (Knauer) equipped with a PDA detector (200-700 UV-Vis) and pump K-1001 running at 280 nm (Alahyane et al., 2019). The column (solid phase) used for separation was Eurospher II 100 Å- 5 µm (4.6 × 250 mm). The temperature was fixed at 25°C. The injection volume was 10 μL and the flow rate was 1 mL/min. The mobile phase consists of a gradient of acetonitrile and bidistilled water acidified to pH 2.6 with o-phosphoric acid and then filtered on Millipore (0.45 μm). The mobile phase composed of acidified water and acetonitrile 5%:95% (v/v). The total time of analysis was one hour and the separation was performed on a gradient of 5% to 95% acetonitrile. The identification of phenolic compounds was realized by comparison of retention times with the standards.
Toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of J. curcas to female stages of E. orientalis: Toxicity of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves to E. orientalis was evaluated following Cowles et al. (2000) method, with minor modifications. Bean leaves discs were dipped for five seconds in seven concentrations 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/mL of J. curcas extract. In the negative and positive control, the discs were treated respectively with ethanol and commercial product (Abamectin 2%). Afterward, the treated discs were placed with a lower surface on moist cotton wool in Petri dishes and then the discs were left to dry for 30 minutes at ambient temperature. Twenty adult females were transferred to treated leaf discs by using a fine brush. Each treatment was replicated five times. Mortality and the number of laid eggs were recorded 24, 48 and 72 h after treatments. The mortality of adult females was transformed by using Abbott's correction formula for natural mortality in the untreated control (Abbott, 1925).
Corrected mortality (%) = ((B-A) / (100-A)) × 100
A refers to the number of dead individuals in the control; B refers to the number of dead individuals in the application concentration.
Repellency and oviposition deterrence test for adult females of E. orientalis: The repellence and oviposition deterrence of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was released following the choice test method (Roh et al., 2013) with minor modifications. Bean leaves discs were placed with a lower surface on moist cotton wool in Petri dishes. One half of each leaf disc was separately treated with five concentrations of J. curcas extract (0.05, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/mL) and the second half, served as the control, was treated only with ethanol. Ten adult females of E. orientalis were placed in the center of the treated disc. Each concentration (treatment) was replicated five times with each replicate consisting of 10 adult mites. The location of the adult females on treated and control discs was noted after 24 h after treatment (mites were considered as repelled when had left the treated discs). The number of eggs laid on each half was counted after 24 h.
Ovicidal effects of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas against E. orientalis: The ovicidal activity of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was evaluated following Alahyane et al. (2019) method, with minor modifications. The bean leaf discs were placed with the lower side on moist cotton wool in Petri dishes. Twenty adult females’ mites were introduced to bean leaf disc for oviposition and kept 24 hours in Petri disc. After 24 h, the introduced mites were removed using a fine brush. The eggs laid on the bean leaves were counted under a binocular microscope, the leaves containing more than 20 eggs, the excess of eggs was removed. Eggs laid on leaf discs were treated with four concentrations of J. curcas extract (0.05, 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/mL), using the dip method. The negative control was treated with ethanol, and the positive control was treated with a commercial product (Abamectin 2%). The number of hatching eggs was counted 7 days after treatment. Those that did not hatch after this period were considered as dead.
Statistical analysis: Corrected mortality, number of eggs laid by adult females and mortality of eggs were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Tukey’s test was used to assess the significant differences between treatments. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software (SPSS, 2010). To calculate the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) values, the probit analysis program version 1.5 was used. The formulas of Lwande et al. (1985) and Lundgren (1975) were used to calculate the repellency effect and the oviposition deterrent indices (ODI), respectively.
Oviposition Deterrent Indices (%) = ((B-A) / (A+B)) × 100
Where, A refers to the mean number of eggs laid on the treatment, B refers to the mean number of eggs laid on the control.
Repellency effect (%) = 2A/(A+B) × 100
Where, A refers to the number of adult females on the control half-disc, B refers to the number of adult females on the treated half-disc.
RESULTS
Total phenolic, flavonoids, condensed tannins and flavanols contents quantification: Table 1 shows the results of the quantification of total phenolic, flavonoids, condensed tannins and flavanols contents. We report a high concentration of tannins (80.1±3.55 mg catechin eq/1 Kg DM) and total flavanols (67.7±3.45 mg catechin eq/1 kg DM), while the total phenolic content was estimated at (2±0.23 mg gallic acid eq/1 kg DM) and the flavonoids at (33.45±0.65 mg catechin eq/1 kg DM).
Table 1. Total phenolic compounds, Total flavonoids compounds, Total tannins and Total flavanols of J. curcas ethanolic extracts. All determinations were carried out at least in triplicate and values were averaged and given along the standard deviation (±SD).
Total phenolic |
Total Flavonoids |
Total tannins |
Total Flavanols |
(mg gallic acid
eq/kg DM) |
(mg catechin
eq/ kg DM) |
(mg catechin
eq/ kg DM) |
(mg catechin
eq/ kg DM) |
20.34±0.23 |
33.45±0.65 |
80.1±3.55 |
67.7±3.45 |
HPLC analysis: Fig. 1 shows that HPLC analysis of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas revealed the presence of several phenolic components namely gallic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, rutin, vanillin and p-coumaric acid.
Figure 1. HPLC chromatogram recorded at 280 nm for the main phenolic compounds identified in the ethanolic extracts of J. curcas. 1: gallic acid; 2: catechin; 3: vanillic acid; 4: rutine; 5: vanillin; 6: p-coumaric acid.
Acaricidal activity of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas against females of E. orientalis: Table 2 shows mortality rates obtained by the contact effect of ethanolic extract of J. curcas against adult E. orientalis females. The mean mortality of E. orientalis females differed significantly with time and concentrations (P<0.05).
The acaricidal effect of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas was time and concentration-dependent. All concentrations caused adult female mortality starting from 24 h after treatment and the mortality increased with time. The commercial acaricide has a significantly higher mortality than the lower concentration of ethanolic extract, but at the highest concentration of extract (10 mg/mL) that induced a corrected mortality 96.66% did not differ significantly from the commercial acaricide (product based on Abamectin), which induced a corrected mortality of 95.77% after 72 h (Table 2).
A summary of probit analyses of mortality data for E. orientalis exposed to seven concentrations of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas leaves after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h are presented in Table 3. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) decreased with an increasing time of treatment of E. orientalis females and the probit analysis showed that the concentrations of the ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves, which killed 50% and 90% of females after 72 h, were 0.917 mg/mL and 13.534 mg/mL, respectively.
Table 2.Corrected mortality (%) in adult females of E. orientalis after treatment with ethanolic extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves.
Concentration (mg/mL) |
Corrected mortality ± Standard Error a |
24 h |
48 h |
72 h |
Negative control |
2±1.24a |
3.58±0.35 a |
4.29±0,43a |
Positive control b |
85.77±2.94e |
92.85±2.74d |
95.77± 1.11ef |
10 |
41.83 ±3.46d |
89.24±4.80d |
96.66± 2.22f |
7.5 |
30.61±3.46cd |
64.51±7.52c |
78.88± 4.08de |
5 |
29.59±2.97cd |
62.36±4.49c |
72.22± 4.30cd |
2.5 |
21.43±2.60bc |
52.68±6.67bc |
63.33± 4.15cd |
1 |
10.20±2.60ab |
46.23±5.10bc |
56.66± 6.43bc |
0.5 |
11.22±3.06ab |
33.33±4.98b |
43.33± 3.23b |
0.1 |
5.10±2.60a |
7.52±2.01a |
11.11± 2.48a |
a Means followed by the same letter in the same column weren’t statistically different at α = 0.05 by Tukey test.
b Distilled water + commercial acaricide (active ingredient Abamectin 2%).
Table 3. Values (LC50,90) indicating the activity of the ethanol extract of J. curcas leaves in inducing the mortality of E. orientalis females during three periods.
Hours after application |
LC50
(mg/mL) |
Lower and upper limit of 95% CI |
LC90
(mg/mL) |
Lower and upper limit of 95% CI |
Slope ± SE |
24 |
27.011 |
15.022-77.727 |
1297.654 |
293.748-25732.383 |
0.762±0.133 |
48 |
1.709 |
0.629-3.337 |
32.924 |
12.763-327.950 |
0.997±0.182 |
72 |
0.917 |
0.300-1.755 |
13.534 |
6.454-59.897 |
1.096±0.182 |
The mean number of eggs laid by treated adult females is presented in Table 4. Significant differences in the number of eggs laid by mites were apparent between the females treated with different concentrations of the extract of J. curcas leaves 72 h after treatment. The females in the negative control laid a significantly higher number of eggs than the other concentrations of the extract and the positive control.
The concentrations between 2.5 and 10 mg/mL produced superior reductions of fecundity compared to the control 72 h after treatment. The commercial acaricide had a significantly higher effect compared to all concentrations tested.
Repellency and oviposition effects of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas on E. orientalis adult females: The results of repellency and oviposition effects are shown in Table 5. The females chose to lay their eggs and were fed on untreated half discs. The values of repellency varied between 74.00% and 94.12%. The mean number of eggs laid after 24 h of treatment varied according to the concentration tested.
Ovicidal effects of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas on E. orientalis: Ovicidal effects observed 7 days after treatment are recorded in Table 6. There was a significant difference in egg mortality across all concentrations, commercial acaricide (abamectin) and control (P<0.05). The egg mortality caused by abamectin 7 days after treatment (81±8.21%) was not significantly different from that of concentration 5 mg/mL of extract (72±5.7%). Egg mortality increased with an increasing concentration of ethanolic extract of J. curcas.
Table 4.Means of eggs laid by E. orientalis females treated with the ethanol extract of J. curcas leaves after 27 h under.
Concentration
(mg/mL) |
Mean of eggs/female ± Standard Error a |
Negative control |
2.63±0.26a |
Positive control b |
0.15±0.09e |
10 |
0.17±0.05e |
7.5 |
0.40±0.06de |
5 |
0.37±0.05de |
2.5 |
0.52±0.10cd |
1 |
0.62±0.16cd |
0.5 |
0.72±0.13c |
0.1 |
1.13±0.17b |
a Means followed by the same letter weren’t statistically different at α = 0.05 by Tukey test.
b Distilled water + commercial acaricide (active ingredient Abamectin 2%).
Table 5. Repellency percentages and oviposition of E. orientalis females treated with different concentrations of J. curcas leaves extract.
Concentration (mg/mL) |
Number of eggs deposited/female/Day |
ODI |
Repellency (%) |
Treated half-disc |
Untreated half-disc |
5 |
0.04 |
0.68 |
89.84 |
94.12 |
1 |
0.14 |
0.74 |
60.73 |
81.08 |
0.5 |
0.18 |
0.88 |
70.35 |
79.55 |
0.05 |
0.26 |
1.00 |
66.85 |
74.00 |
Table 6. Ovicidal effects (% ± SD) of different concentrations of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas leave against E. orientalis eggs 7 days after treatment.
Concentration (mg/mL) |
Mean ovicidal± Standard Error a |
Negative control |
6±2.91a |
Positive control b |
81±3.67e |
5 |
72±2.54de |
1 |
55±3.53cd |
0.5 |
49±6.96c |
0.05 |
27±3.74b |
a Means followed by the same letter weren’t statistically different at α = 0.05 by Tukey test.
b Distilled water + commercial acaricide (active ingredient Abamectin 2%).
DISCUSSION
Jatropha curcas L. is an industrial plant that belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and has a long cultivation history in tropical Africa, Asia, and America (Heller, 1996). Different parts of this plant can be used for a wide range of purposes (Ait Babahmad et al., 2018). Seed and leaves extract of J. curcas has shown insecticidal and acaricidal properties and could be applied to agricultural applications (Rug and Ruppel, 2000; Adebowale et al., 2006).
Phytochemical screening of J. curcas leaves in Table 1 revealed the abundance of several biologically active compounds including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, condensed tannins and flavanols. The same secondary metabolites were previously confirmed in J. curcas leaves by Rampadarath et al. (2016) and Sharma et al. (2016). Although, Ebuehi and Okorie (2009), and Oyama et al. (2016) highlighted the presence of the same substances, with different concentrations. This could be attributed to different collecting periods, growing conditions and/or geographical origin of plants (Noudjou et al., 2007). Also, the HPLC analysis reveals the presence of gallic acid, rutin and vanillic acid, which agrees with the finding by Namuli et al. (2011).
The current study is, therefore, the first to demonstrate that J. curcas extract has acaricidal activities against important phytophagous mites, E. orientalis. Plant compounds have been used as insecticides (Arnbio et al., 2006; Jide-ojo et al., 2013), antifeedants (Numa et al., 2015), ovicides (Mozaffari et al., 2012; Salman et al., 2013; Auamcharoen and Chandrapatya, 2015), acaricides (Harder et al., 2016; Juliet et al., 2016), repellents (Hussein et al., 2006) and oviposition deterrents (Raja et al., 2000).
The mortality effects of ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves against E. orientalis females were concentration-dependent. These results are in agreement with the findings by Sivira et al. (2011) and Numa et al. (2015), who noted that the mortality of T. urticae adults increased with increasing concentrations of the applied extract. Araya and Emana (2009), found that the mortality of adult Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) treated with J. curcas extract was more than 90%. Our results show that the mortality caused by the highest concentration of the extracts (10 mg/mL), which was 96.66%, showed no significant difference with that of the commercial acaricide (active ingredient is Abamectin), which was 97.77%. This concentration of ethanolic extract of J. curcas can be used as an alternative product to control this phytophagous species in the field.
The extract of J. curcas leaves exhibit the rapid acaricide effects toward the adult females after 24 h of treatment (LC50= 27.011 mg/mL; LC90 =1297.654 mg/mL). This rapid action can be explained by both systemic and contact toxicity exhibited by the botanical extracts to Tetranychidae mites (Amira et al., 2011). The comparison between the LC50 and LC90 values for adult females 24 and 72 h after treatment showed that these values decreased with increasing time of contact of the E. orientalis females to the ethanolic extracts. Similar to our results, Teles et al. (2007) have reported that increasing the time of contact of the T. urticae adults to the product can affect the behavior of the mite, resulting in decreased lethal concentration values.
The ethanolic extracts of J. curcas reduced significantly the fecundity of E. orientalis adult females. These data are consistent with Soto et al. (2011), Mozaffari et al. (2012) and Numa et al. (2015), who postulated that the application of plant extract affects the oviposition and fecundity of Tetranychidae, which could be due to the probable sublethal effects of extracts on T. urticae females.
In this study, a higher percentage of repellency effect on the E. orientalis females was noted at 0.5 mg/mL (94.12%); Also, a higher oviposition deterrence was observed in the leaf discs treated with this concentration of the extract. Similar results were reported by Amira et al. (2011) who studied the effect of the extract of Francoeria crispa (Forsk.) against E. orientalis and found that this extract had a repellency effect on E. orientalis; reached 97.45% at higher concentration. Moreover, Jide-ojo et al. (2013) reported mortality and repellency efficacy of the extracts of J. curcas leaves against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
The ethanolic extract of J. curcas showed a great ovicidal effect on E. orientalis eggs. This result agrees with the finding of Yanar et al. (2011) who tested the methanolic extracts of Anthemis vulgaris L. and Lolium perenne L. on T. urticae eggs and obtained mortalities of 25.38% and 24.40%, respectively. Moreover, many previous studies have shown that the botanical extracts exhibit excellent ovicidal effects on mite species (Roh et al., 2013; Pavela et al., 2016)
The toxicity of ethanolic extracts of J. curcas toward E. orientalis stages can be explained by the presence of secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, known for their insecticidal and acaricidal activities (Singh et al., 2014). Indeed, Mila et al. (1996) reported that the tannins are potently active against many pests and plant pathogens and they act by a combination of mechanisms that include iron chelation and enzyme inhibition (Karamanoli et al., 2011).
In conclusion, the extract of J. curcas leaves tested in this work had potent acaricidal, repellent, ovicidal and oviposition deterrent effects against the oriental red mite, E. orientalis. Phytochemical screening of the plant leaves revealed the presence of vital chemical compounds in phenomenal concentrations (phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and flavanols). The isolation of these compounds responsible for the acaricidal activities in the extract of J. curcas leaves will be useful for the discovery of novel natural acaricides. These plant species could be used as alternatives in an integrated pest management program against E. orientalis, to reduce the problems related to the use of chemical acaricides.
Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to Prof. Ahmed OUHAMMOU for his help in identifying the species used in this study.
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