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GENUS XANTHOPIMPLA SAUSSURE, 1892 (ICHNEUMONIDAE:
PIMPLINAE) FROM POTHWAR REGION (PUNJAB) OF PAKISTAN
S. Ahmed 1, I. Bodlah 1* M. F. Nasir1 and M.
S. Nadeem2
1Insect Biodiversity
and Conservation Group, Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture
University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
2Department
of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author’s email: imranbodlah@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Members of Genus Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 (Hymenoptera:
Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) are reported as important bio-control agents of different
insect pests of various crops. Four species were recorded from Pothwar region with Xanthopimpla reicherti Krieger, 1914 as new record
for Pakistan. New distributional records for Xanthopimpla punctata Fabricius,
1781, Xanthopimpla stremmator Thunberg 1822, and Xanthopimpla flavolineata Cameron, 1907 in Pothwar have been added. Comparison of recorded
species with closely related species, distribution ranges, and remarks on their
host are given. An identification key of recorded
species, as well as brief description of each species has been provided, and supplemented
with illustrations using microphotography
from the external morphological details. Arc GIS software was used for spatial
distribution of identified species. Results of these studies including illustrations
may be helpful for field workers for identification and researchers to formulate
IPM strategies against various insect pests of crops in different districts of Pothwar
region of Pakistan.
Keywords: Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae, Xanthopimpla,
Pothwar, New country record.
https://doi.org/10.36899/JAPS.2020.3.0084 Published
online March 25, 2020.
INTRODUCTION
Pimplinae
is the most studied group of family Ichneumonidae as parasitoids of important Lepidopterous
pest of agriculture crops (Brooks and Wahl, 1987; Matsumoto and Konishi, 2007).Genus Xanthopimpla was erected for the first time by Saussure in1892. Members of genus Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892 are small to large in size and classified under
tribe Ephialtini of subfamily Pimplinae (Gupta, 1987; Gauld et
al., 2002). Members of this genus are reported as endoparasitoid of Lepidopterous
pest and their utilization in controlling pest is documented in various regions
of the world (Townes and Chiu (1970); Gauld (1984); Hailemichael et al.(1994);Gitau et al.(2007); Dung et al. (2011)
etc.
Xanthopimpla species can be recognized
by yellow body with stout legs and variables spots or black bands on abdominal tergites
(David et al., 2013).Bidentate mandibles and lower teeth twisted are two
characters which differentiate this genus from others (Gauld, 1984). A lot of faunal
studies of this genus from different regions of the world include Thunberg (1822);
Saussure (1892) and Krieger (1914) from Palearctic region; Tosquinet (1896) and
Seyrig (1932) from Afrotropical region; Townes 1969 and Gómez et al. (2009;2014)
from Neotropical regions and Townes & Chiu (1970), Gupta (1987), Pham et
al. (2011) from oriental regions etc.
A
total of 261species of Xanthopimpla have been identified from all over of
the world with greater number of 149 species from oriental region and less number
in Afrotropical and Neotropical region (Yu et al., 2005; Pham, 2013;
Townes and Chiu, 1970).Townes and Chiu (1970) described the genus Xanthopimpla from Indo-Australian area with 22 species groups to classify the large number
of species. Abundance in different habitat depicts its vital role as natural controlling
agent, which manifolds its importance especially in indo -Australian region where
they outnumbered than other regions (Gupta, 1987).
A
limited work (Townes et al., 1961; Gupta, 1987; Irshad and Khan, 2005) has been done on
this genus in Pakistan as compared to records of many species of this genus in neighboring
countries like India 41 species and China 46 species (Akhtar et al. 2010).
During
our surveys for the exploration of Ichneumonidae from Pothwar region, four species
of Genus Xanthopimpla were collected from various areas of Pothwar region
of Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study
was conducted in Pothwar region including Islamabad Capital Territory during 2017-18. Sweep net was used
for collection of specimens from agro-ecosystems, forests and rangelands.
Different
areas of districts Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal, Attock and Islamabad Capital
Territory were extensively surveyed for specimen collection. Specimens were killed
in glass bottle containing Potassium cyanide. Pinning of specimens was done and
preserved in insect preservation Boxes. Specimens were observed using Labomed microscope
(CZS6).Townes (1969) and Eady (1968) were followed for morphological and microsculpture
terminologies. Taxonomic literature by Morley (1913); Townes (1971); Gupta (1987);
Townes and Chiu (1970) was used for identification of species.
Microphotography
of main identification characters was done with the help of Amscope 18 megapixel
camera attached with LEICA MS 5 microscope. Microphotographs were stacked with the
help of Helicon focus 6. Further processing and cleaning of microphotographs was
done with the help of Adobe Photoshop CS6. Identified specimens were deposited in
Department of Entomology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. Abbreviations
TBL and FWL represent Total body length and Fore wing length in micrometers.
RESULTS
Four species of genus Xanthopimpla under
subfamily Pimplinae were collected and identified .Xanthopimpla reicherti Krieger, 1914 is
recorded as new record from Pakistan. Xanthopimpla
punctata, Xanthopimpla stremmator, and Xanthopimpla flavelinate are reported as new additions from Pothwar region
of Pakistan. With reference to division of Townes and Chiu, 1970 four species group
Punctata, Stemmator, Citrina and newly reported
specie fall under Brachycentra
group in current study.
Genus Xanthopimpla Saussure, 1892
Xanthopimpla Saussure 1892: P1.13. Type specimen: Xanthopimpla hova Saussure; Ashmead 1900:56
Diagnosis: Body small to large
sized, head with emarginated eyes, complete occieptal carinae and antennae with
short flagellomeres anteriorly. Clypeus apically truncate or concave, transverse
suture separates lower and upper clypeus, bidentate mandibles narrowed strongly
and lower mandibles invisible anteriorly as twisted at 90°. Noutli present
on mesoscutum .Epomia and pronotum short and mesopleuron characterized with epicnemial
carina and postpectal carina and mesepisternum present centrally. Carination present
on propodeum. Spatulate bristles present instead of basal lobe in tarsal claws of
female. Commonly areolated wing, thick stout body bright yellow in colour with black
bands or spot. Ovipositor usually lightly exceeding last abdominal segment and always
greater in length than hind tibia (Townes & Chiu, 1970, Gauld, 1984).
Key to species of
genus Xanthopimpla in Pothwar region of Pakistan:
1. Whole
body yellow except black oceller area of head. Areola of propodeum receiving costula
behind its center (Fig. 5A). Stigma of forewing testaceous………..X. flavolineata
-. Body
with black spots or bands on dorsal side as well as on leg parts. Areola of propodeum
receiving costula near its center or at its apex. Stigma of forewing other than
testaceous……………..2
2. Black bands on tergite 1,
3 and 7 (Fig. 3E), occipital area of head yellow. Ovipositor 0.4–0.6x of hind tibia…………...X. reicherti
-. Black spot present on mesoscutum, propodeum
and on abdominal tergites .Occipital area of head yellow or with spots. Ovipositor
equal or more 1x of hind tibia…………...…………3
3. Areola
enclosed by carina and 0.4 to 0.5 as long as wide. Tergites 2 and 4 usually immaculate
(Fig. 2E). Ovipositor 1.7 to 1.9 x of hind tibia length. Hind tibia black at base…………………X
.punctata
-. Areola enclosed by
carina and1.0–1.2
x as long and wide. Tergite 2 and 4 with two black spots (Fig. 4E).
Ovipositor 1 to 1.2 x of hind tibial length. Hind tibia entirely immaculate…………X.
stremmator
Xanthopimpla
flavolineata Cameron,
1907 Figs. (1A-F, 5A, 6)
Xanthopimpla
flavolineata Cameron. 1907. Tijdschr. V. Ent., 50: 48. F, key, des. Type; F, Indonesia: West
Irian: Merauke (Amsterdam)
Xanthopimpla
emaculata Szepligeti,
1908
Xanthopimpla
immaculata Morley, 1913.
Xanthopimpla
hyalotila Krieger, 1914
Xanthopimpla
xanthostigma Girault.
1925
Xanthopimpla
xara Cheesman,
1936
Melopiu
ssesamiae Rao, 1935
Xanthopimpla
Jlavolineata Townes & Chiu, 1970
Material Examined: Pakistan; Punjab, Attock, Hassanabdal Por Miana (33°49'39.49"N, 72°47'14.42"E 500m), 1♀ 1♂, 24.v.2017, I. Bodlah, 2♀ 1♂,
27.vii.2017, S. Ahmed, 1♂, 02.xi.2018, S. Ahmed, Jehlum Domile (33°00'33.16"N, 73°21'26.26"E325m) 1♀ 2♂, 12.v.2018, S. Ahmed, Chakwal,
Kallar Kahar (32°47'44.25"N 72°43'46.69"E,
721m) 2♀ 1♂, 23.vi.2018, S. Ahmed.
Diagnosis: Stigma
of forewing testaceous, areola on propodeum receiving costulae behind the center
and longer than wide; evenly convex scutellum, ovipositor is 0.6x of hind tibia.
Devoid of any black band or spot on the body except black ocellar area and apically
black claws.
Description:
Female
TBL.6.5-7.5mm. FWL.5-6mm.Antennae with 43-46 flagellomeres. First antennal segment
is 2x of 2nd segment. Greater number of flagellomeres in male antenna. Weakly convex
clypeus, convergent eyes with flat punctate face (Fig.1D).Ocellar ocular distance
equal to diameter of lateral ocellus. Malar space 0.3x of basal width of mandibles.
Occipital complete and yellow in colour without band or black mark. Areola complete
surrounded by carina and receiving costula behind the center. Basal area confluent
with areola (Fig. 1F).). Apical transverse carina completes and separated the areola
and secondary lateral area from petiolar area (Fig. 5A). Mesopleuron characterized
by Epicenimal carina (Fig. 1C). Wings with areolet and 2m-cu vein arises from lower
center of the areolet. Nervulus opposite with basal vein (Fig. 1B). Apical bristles
5-6 on hind tibia. First tergum with median as well as lateral dorsal carina. First
tergite 0.25x of 2nd tergite (Fig.1E). Ovipositor short and straight, characterized
by tooth on lower valve (Fig. 1A).
Colour pattern: Usually whole body
is immaculate with yellowish brown rhombic areas on tergites. Antennal segment brownish
from base to dark brown at apex.
General
Distribution: Pakistan,
Bangladesh, India, China, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, Vietnam,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan,
Taiwan,
Australia,
Philippines
(Yu et al. 2005).
Remarks: This species belongs to the Citrina species group
(Townes and Chiu, 1970). Xanthopimpla modestsis closely related with Xanthopimpla
faveolineata and belongs to same species group however vertex and ocellar area
black in modesta and yellow in flaveolineata (Pham et al.,
2011).Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Noctuidae)
(rice leaf roller), Pelopidas mathias (Hesperiidae) (lesser millet skipper) and Lamprosema indica (Pyralidae) are reported
lepidopterous host of this species (Townes et al., 1961; Khuat &
Pham 2007).During this study specimens were collected from maize field where lepidopterous
insects were dominant pests.
Xanthopimpla punctata Fabricius,
1781 Figs. (2A-F, 5B, 6)
Ichneumon punctatus Fabricius 1781.
Species lnsectorum, 1: 437. (M) des. Type: M, India: "Coromandel" (Kiel,
on deposit in Copenhagen).
Pimpia
transversalis Vollenhoven, 1879
Xanthopimpla
ruficornis Krieger, 1899
Zanthopimpla
appendiculata Cameron, 1902
Xanthopimpla
brunneciornis Cameron,
1903
Xanthopimpla
kandyensis Cameron,
1905
Xanthopimpla
lissonola Cameron, 1906
Neopimpla
punctata Kvroiwa,
1908
Xanthopimpla
punctata Morley,
1913
Diagnosis: Areola complete enclosed
by carina 0.4–0.5x as long as wide. Scutellum convex. Tergites 2, 4 and 6 are immaculate
while rest of tergites always bimaculated. Ovipositor about 1.7-1.9x of hind tibia
length.
Material Examined:
Pakistan;
Punjab, Attock, Hassanabdal Por Miana (33°49'39.49"N, 72°47'14.42"E,
500m),
1♀ 1♂, 28.x.2017, S. Ahmed, 1♀ 2♂, 02.ix.2018, I. Boblah,
Hazro (33°54'40.54"
N, 72°29'56.69" E, 316 m) , 2♀ 1♂, 02.xi.2018, S. Ahmed, Islamabad Capital
Territory kachnar Park (33°40'32.99"N, 73°04'39.15" E,
522 m), 2♀
1♂, 14.x.2017, S. Ahmed, Rawalpindi, Murree Numbehr Mall (32°47'44.25"
N, 72°43'46.69" E, 721m) 1♀ 2♂ 12.xi.2017, S. Ahmed, Main University
Campus UAAR (33°38'56.38"N
,73°04'54.36"E, 501m),
1♀ 1♂, 20.ix.2018, I. Bodlah. Gujar Khan (33°14'33.93"N,
73°19'05.21"E, 456m),
1♀ 1♂, 15.ix.2018, S. Ahmed, Taxila, Ghazi (33°44'01.57"N,
72°44'07.29"E, 477m)
2♀ 2♂, 28.x.2017, S. Ahmed.
Description:
Female
TBL.10-12mm. FWL.7mm-9mm. Antennae with 35-38 flagellomeres .First antennal segment
1.5x of 2nd segment. Head characterized by weakly convex clypeus; flat
face with close punctures; eyes parallel (Fig. 2D).Ocellar ocular distance 1.25x
diameter of lateral ocellus. Malar space 0.3x of basal width of mandibles .Short
Noutli on mesoscutum not reaching the tegula. Occipital complete and yellow in colour
without band or black mark (Fig .2C). Pronotum with carination and complete areola
present more wider than long (Fig. 2F).Posterior transverse carina of propodeum
complete while median longitudinal carina attached transverse carina of areola before
center on both sides. First lateral area
on propodeum 2x long and wide than 2nd lateral area on propodeum. (Fig.
5B) Forewing areolated with 2m-cu vein with 2 bullae, nervulus opposite with basal
vein (Fig. 2B). First tergites 1.25x wide as long with median dorsal carina. 2nd tergite without punctuation and 3rd to 6th distinctly punctate
(Fig. 2E).Hind tibia with 6-8 apical bristles .Ovipositor long and straight usually
1.7–1.9x of hind tibia length and characterized by tooth on upper valve (Fig. 2A).
Colour
pattern:
Bright lemon yellow body, mesoscutum with three black spots, propodeum bimaculated
in first lateral area, tergites 2, 4 and 6 are immaculate while rest of tergites
bimaculated. Basal part of hind tibia black.
General
Distribution: Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Russia, China, Taiwan, ,
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Australia
(Yu et al. 2005).
Remarks: This
species belongs to the X .punctata species group
(Townes & Chiu, 1970). Xanthopimpla predator (The Reigna
group) is similar to Xanthopimpla puntata in appearance and characteristics.
However face with sublateral vertical ridges, short ovipositor, subpyramedial scutellum
and presence of spot on hind trocachter differentiate from punctata (Morely
(1913); Townes and Chiu (1970); Pham et al. (2011). Sylepta derogata (pyralidae), cotton leaf roller (Ghani, 1960), Chilo sacchariphagus, C.
suppressalis (Jonathan, 1999) Chilopartellus, corn borer(Butani, 1972) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Pyralidae), the
rice leafroller, Parnara guttata (Hesperidae), Naranga aenescens (Noctuidae) (Khuatand Pham, 2007) are reported host of this species. During
this study the specimens of this species were collected from maize, sorghum and
sugarcane crop having host as pest of these crops.
Xanthopimpla reicherti
Krieger,
1914 Figs. (3A-F, 5C, 6)
Xanthopimpla reicherti Krieger,
1914.Arch. f. Naturgesch. (A) 80(6): 40, 89.
Lectotype:
♀, Myanmar: Pekon on Loikaw River, Karenni State (ZMHB).
Material
Examined: Pakistan Punjab Rawalpindi,
Murree, Numbehr Mall (32°47'44.25"N,
72°43'46.69"E, 721m) 1♀ 2♂,
26.x.2017 S. Ahmed, 2♀ 1♂, 12. xi.2017, I. Bodlah, 2♀ 1♂,
16.ix.2018, S. Ahmed.
Diagnosis:
Black bands on tergite 1, 3 and 7, two
black spots on 4, 5th tergites. 5-6 preapical bristles on hind tibia;
2nd tergite least punctate whereas tergites 3 to 5 densely punctated.
Ovipositor 0.4-0.6x of hind tibia.
Description:
Female
TBL. 8-10mm. FWL.6-7mm. Antennae brownish with 33-35 flagellomeres. First antennal
segment is 1.8x of 2nd segment. Head characterized by weakly convex clypeus;
flat face with close punctures; eyes parallel (Fig. 3D).Basal width of mandibles
less than malar space. Ocellar ocular distance equal to diameter of lateral ocellus.
Mesoscutum with short hairs and Noutli reaching up to tegula. Occipital complete
and yellow in colour without band or black mark (Fig. 3C). Convex shaped scutellum
with black spot in front on mesoscutum. Pronotum with carination and complete areola
present more wider than long (Fig. 3F). Areola completely surrounded by carina and
receiving costula near the center. Basal area
confluent with areola. Posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete (Fig. 5C).
First lateral area 2x of second lateral area of propodeum. Forewing areolated with
2m-cu vein with 2 bullae, nervulus opposite with basal vein (Fig.3B). First tergite
0.2 to 0.3x of 2nd tergite and both least punctate whereas tergites 3
to 5 densely punctate (Fig. 3E). Ovipositor is slightly larger 0.4-0.6x hind tibia
(Fig. 3A).
Colour
pattern:
Bright lemon yellow colour body, mesoscutum with black band on basal part and black
spot in front of scutellum , propodeum bimaculated in first lateral area,
tergites 1, 3, 7 each with black band, tergites 4–5 each with two black spots. Basal
part of hind tibia black in colour.
General Distribution: China, India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam Pakistan (New
Record) (Akhtar et al. 2010).
Remarks: This
species belongs to The Brachycentra species group
(Townes and Chiu, 1970).This species is a new record from Pakistan, collected from
shrubs under forest at Murree. Two subspecies X. reicherti separata Townes
& Chiu reported from china only whereas and X. reicherti reicherti from
China, India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Both subspecies differ in the shape
of black marks on the mesoscutum and the first tergite (Pham et al., 2011).
Xanthopimpla stremmator Thunberg,
1822 Figs. (4A-F, 5 D, 6)
Ichneumon stemmator Thunberg, 1822.
Mem. A cad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg, 8: 262. Key, des. Type: m, China (Uppsala)
Pimpla
integrata Smith, 1860
Xanthopimpla
thoracalis Krieger, 1899
Xanthopimpl
amaculifrons Cameron, 1903
Xanthopimpla
bimaculata Cameron, 1906
Xanthopimpla
nursei Cameron, 1907
Xanthopimpla
maculifrons Cameron, 1907
Xanthopimpla
facialis Szepligeti1,
908
Xanthopimpla
stemmator:
Townes & Chiu, 1970
Material
Examined: Pakistan;
Punjab, Attock, Dhoke Syeden (33°31'41.77"N ,72°38'35.79"E, 472m), 1♀ 1♂,29.x.2017,
S. Ahmed ,Hassanabdal Por Miana (33°49'39.49"N, 72°47'14.42"E, 500m), 2♀ 1♂,
24.iii.2017, S. Ahmed, 1♀ 2♂, 29.iv.2017, I. Bodlah, 2♀ 1♂,
07.v.2018,S. Ahmed, 1♀ 2♂, 26.ix.2018, S. Ahmed, 1♀ 1♂,
17.x.2018, I. Bodlah, Chakwal, Balkaser (32°56'27.05"N, 72°39'30.61"E,
530m)
1♀ 19.x.2017, S. Ahmed, Jehlum, Pind Dadan Kahan, Shakmeer, (32°34'23.07"N,
73°02'19.00"E,202m)
1♀ 2♂,12.v.2018 ,S. Ahmed ,Rawalpindi, Bai (33°50'22.79"N
,72°39'42.44"E,415m), 2♀ 1♂, 04.iii.2017,S. Ahmed, University Campus
UAAR (33°38'56.38"N,
73°04'54.36"E, 501m)
1♀ 2♂, 26.ix.2018,I. Bodlah.
Diagnosis: Two black spots present
on hind side of head; hind tibia with 8-10 preapical bristles; propodeum first lateral
area and metasomal tergites bimaculated while tergite 6 immaculate. Ovipositor
1 to 1.2 x of hind tibial length.
Description: Female: TBL.10-12mm.
FWL.6-8mm. Antennae with 34-36 flagellomeres. First antennal segment is 2x of 2nd antennal segment. Head characterized by weakly convex clypeus, flat face with sparse
punctures, eyes parallel (Fig. 4D).Ocellar ocular distance equal to diameter of
lateral ocellus. Malar space more or less equal to basal width of mandibles. Notauli
on mesoscutum not reaching up to tegula. Occipital complete and yellow in colour
with two black mark. Convex to conical shaped. Scutellum with black spot in front
on mesoscutum (Fig 4F).Pronotum with carination and complete areola. Areola enclosed
by carina and1.0–1.2
x as long and wide. Anterior transverse carina absent from middle
whereas Posterior transverse carina of propodeum complete (Fig. 5D). Forewing areolated
with 2m-cu vein with 2 bullae, nervulus opposite with basal vein (Fig. 4B). First
tergite more or less equal to 2nd in length and first two tergites are
sparsely punctate while rest are closely punctate (Fig .4E).Ovipositor shorter than
half length of abdomen (Fig. 4A).
Colour
pattern:
Bright yellow colour body mesoscutum with two black spots, propodeum bimaculated
in first lateral area, tergite 6 immaculate while rest of tergites bimaculated.
Hind tibia entirely immaculate.
General Distribution:
Pakistan,
China, India, Sri Lanka, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines,
Taiwan, Japan, Mauritius and South Africa (Yu et al., 2005).
Remarks: This
species belongs to Stemmator species group (Townes & Chiu, 1970).This
species has wide host range of stem borers like Scirpophaga
nivella, Scirpophaga incertulas,Sesamia inferens, Chilo suppressalis, Chilo zonellus, Chilo auricilia,Chilo partellus ,C. sacchariphagus and Eldana saccharina (Townes and Chiu (1970); CIBC (1973); Facknath(1989);
Ganeshan (2000); Conlongand Goebel (2002); Ganeshanand Rajabalee (1997). Due to
vast host range it is extensively investigated as a bio-control agent against lepidopterous stem borers (Pham et
al., 2011).Specimens of this species were collected
from the maize, sorghum and sugarcane crop infested by Lepidopterous pests.
Figure 1. Xanthopimpla
flavolineata (A- E): A. lateral
view of body; B, fore wing; C, lateral view of mesosoma; D, frontal view of head;
E, dorsal view of abdomen; F, dorsal view of scutellum and propodeum
Figure
2. Xanthopimpla punctate (A-E): A. lateral
view of body; B, fore wing; C, lateral view of mesosoma; D, frontal view of head;
E, dorsal view of abdomen; F, dorsal view of scutellum and propodeum
Figure 3. Xanthopimpla
reicherti (A-E): A. lateral
view of body; B, fore wing; C, lateral view of mesosoma; D, frontal view of head;
E, dorsal view of abdomen; F, dorsal view of scutellum and propodeum
Figure 4. Xanthopimpla
stremmator (A-E): A. lateral
view of body; B, fore wing; C, lateral view of mesosoma; D, frontal view of head;
E, dorsal view of abdomen; F, dorsal view of scutellum and propodeum.
Figure 5. Propodium
A. Xanthopimpla flavolineata B. Xanthopimpla punctate C. Xanthopimpla
reicherti D. Xanthopimpla stremmator
Figure 6. Distributional Map of Xanthopimpla
species in Pothwar region Punjab Pakistan.
DISCUSSION A
total of 05 species belonging to five species groups have been reported from Pakistan,
which are quite less in numbers as compared to recorded species of Xanthopimpla from neighboring countries; India 41 species, China 46 species, Nepal 12 species
and 7 species from Sri-lanka (Akhtar et al., 2010). Asghar (2010) documented Xanthopimpla flavolineata from paddy area of Gujranwala, Sialkot and Skeikhupura.
Whereas in this study Attock, Chakwal and Jehlum areas are new distributional range
for this species (Fig .5). Xanthopimpla punctata was reported by Morely (1913) from Lahore as pupal parasitoid of Chilo suppressalis where as in this study species is reported from Attock, Rawalpindi and
Islamabad. Xanthopimpla stemmator is
reported first time from four district of Pothwar region earlier reported from different
localities of Pakistan (Gupta, 1987).Genus Xanthopimpla is important parasitoid
of stem bores of sugarcane, cereals and other crops. From
Pakistan,Ghani (1960) reported Xanthopimpla punctata as a primary parasitoid
of Sylepta derogata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (cotton leaf roller). Xanthopimpla
stemmator was also reported as parasitoid of Chilo partellus attacking
maize crop from Pakistan (Carl, 1962; CIBC, 1973). This species was successfully
utilized in biological control programme in Mauritius and Reunion Mozambique against Chilo partellus, Chilo sacchariphagus in sugarcane (Conlong and Goebel, 2002).
Availability of indigenous parasitoids for biological control with correct
taxonomic identification (Izfa and Idris, 2006) and knowledge of spatial and temporal
distribution made it more successful for integrated pest control programme (David and Ghani, 2013).Prior to these studies no
illustrations and keys were developed for these species of this genus. Now detailed
illustrations given in these studies may help the researchers for probable utilization
of these species in various districts of Pothwar region against various insects’
pests of crops.
Acknowledgments:
We
are grateful to Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience
International Pakistan and Mr. Naveed Ahmed Entomologist Pakistan Forest Institute,
Peshawar for supporting in identification of species by comparing the specimen
with Museum collection identified from Natural History Museum London. We are also
thankful to Horticultural Research Institute for Floriculture & Landscaping Rawalpindi, Punjab
Forest Department, Syed Yousaf Shah, Farm Manager Saigol Farms Chakwal and Zeeshan
Malik owner Zeeshan Farms Attock for cooperation in sampling from their premises.
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