This study aims to provide a basis for the evaluation, protection, and utilization of the genetic resources of Chinese Yellow Quails by analyzing the polymorphism of these quail groups with nine microsatellite markers using the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 48 alleles were identified from nine microsatellite markers, with an average of 5.3 alleles per marker. The average heterozygosity was 0.7353, and the average polymorphism information content was 0.6943. The average number of effective alleles was 4.0312. The nine microsatellite markers showed high polymorphism in the Chinese Yellow Quail groups, and could be used as effective genetic markers for group genetic diversity analysis. The chi-square test result showed that the microsatellite marker GUJ0077 remarkably deviated fromthe Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Moreover, extreme deviation of the remaining eight genes with microsatellite markers from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.